Amber Fossils Provide Evidence of Cretaceous Frogs Inhabiting Wet, Tropical Environments

The remains of four tiny frogs preserved in Cretaceous-aged amber from northern Myanmar have provided palaeontologists with the first definitive evidence showing frogs 99 million years ago were inhabiting wet, tropical environments. Cretaceous amber reveals its secrets.

Preserved in Cretaceous Amber – A Window into an Ancient Terrestrial Ecosystem

Picture credit: University of Florida

Electrorana limoae

The new species of Cretaceous amphibian has been named Electrorana limoae.  It was small, a juvenile, measuring around twenty millimetres in length, but this frog and other amazing fossil finds from Myanmar amber (burmite), some of which have been documented on this blog, provide scientists with an improved understanding of the micro-flora and micro-fauna of a tropical forest ecosystem that existed some ninety-nine million years ago.

The frog fossils provide the earliest irrefutable evidence of these types of amphibian living in wet, tropical forests.  They are the oldest-known examples of frogs preserved in amber.

Co-author of the study, published earlier this week in Nature’s “Scientific Reports”, David Blackburn (Florida Museum of Natural History) stated:

“It’s almost unheard of to get a fossil frog from this time period that is small, has preservation of small bones and is mostly three-dimensional.  This is pretty special, but what’s most exciting about this animal is its context.  These frogs were part of a tropical ecosystem that, in some ways, might not have been that different to what we find today – minus the dinosaurs.”

A Life Reconstruction of Electrorana limoae

Picture credit: Damir G Martin

Frogs – Probably Very Numerous But a Shockingly Poor Fossil Record

The fossil record for the Class Amphibia is extremely poor, it is believed that frogs may have evolved during the Triassic, although the fossils of an ancient frog/salamander ancestor discovered in Texas in 1995 might indicate that frogs were around many millions of years earlier.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s article about the discovery of a potential ancestral link between frogs and salamanders: Amphibian Ancestry a Little Clearer Thanks to New Discovery.

Frogs tend to be small, as a result their light, often tiny bones are not likely to preserve well so they are very probably underrepresented in the fossil record.  What fossils we do have of frogs tend to be biased towards more robust species from arid, seasonal environments, although, if we consider today’s frogs, the bulk of frog diversity can be found in tropical rainforests.

Dr Blackburn added:

“Ask any kid what lives in a rainforest and frogs are on the list, but surprisingly, we have almost nothing from the fossil record to say that’s a longstanding association.”

A Computer-generated Model Showing Frog Bones (white) and the Remains of a Beetle (Orange)

Picture credit: University of Florida

The Burmite Deposits of Myanmar

The Cretaceous amber deposits of northern Myanmar (referred to as burmite), have provided palaeontologists with a unique record of an ancient Cretaceous tropical forest ecosystem. with fossil evidence of mosses, bamboo-like plants, aquatic spiders and velvet worms.  The discovery of Electrorana and the other fossils, the first frogs to have been found in burmite, will add to our understanding of frogs in the Cretaceous.  These fossils demonstrate that frogs have inhabited wet, tropical forests for at least 99 million years.  Frog fossils preserved in amber are exceptionally rare, previous examples have come from the Dominican Republic and Mexico and date back only to about 40 million and 25 million years, respectively.

A View of the Skeletal Remains Preserved in the Burmite

Picture credit: University of Florida

Electrorana is the most well-preserved of the four frog fossils.  Clearly visible in the amber are the frog’s skull, its forelimbs, part of its backbone, a partial hind limb.  The other amber fossils contain two hands and an imprint of a frog that likely decayed inside the resin.

Answering Some Questions but Raising Many More

Many characteristics herpetologists use to discern details of a frog’s life history and determine how it’s related to other frogs, the wrist bones, the pelvis, hip bones, the inner ear, the top of the backbone, are either missing or were not yet fully developed in the juvenile frog.

The researchers, which include lead author Lida Xing (China University of Geosciences), have postulated that Electrorana limoae had similar features to extant Midwife toads and Fire-bellied toads, Eurasian species associated with temperate ecosystems.  Further CT scans and more fossil discoveries could help illuminate ancient evolutionary relationships, possibly clarifying how Electrorana fits into the frog family.

A Computer-generated Image of the Fossils of Electrorana limoae (note the presence of a beetle)

Picture credit: University of Florida

If ecosystems of today are anything to go by, it seems likely that there may be numerous frog fossils awaiting discovery, locked away in burmite.  We do not have a lot of single-species frog communities in tropical forest environments in the modern world, so it does seem likely that more frog fossils will be found in northern Myanmar.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the help of a press release from the University of Florida in the compilation of this article.

For further news stories about fossil discoveries from Myanmar burmite:

Evidence of insect mimicry preserved in amber: Those Clever Cretaceous Lacewings.

A blood-sucking story: A Blood-sucking Story – Dinosaur Parasites.

The tale of the spiders with tails: A Tale of the Spiders with Tails.

Enantiornithine bird preserved in amber: Watch the Birdie!

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

Acantholipan gonzalezi – Coahuila’s Oldest Dinosaur

A new genus of armoured dinosaur has been described.  This dinosaur roamed northern Mexico around 85 million years ago (the Santonian faunal stage of the Late Cretaceous).  Described as a nodosaurid, the dinosaur has been named Acantholipan gonzalezi and it is the oldest dinosaur described to date from the Coahuila region of Mexico.

Acantholipan gonzalezi

Its discovery is no real surprise, some osteoderms (dermal armour), associated with ankylosaurids have been described from the geologically younger (Campanian), Cerro del Pueblo Formation exposed in the Coahuila region.  In addition, a single tooth identified as nodosaurid, has been discovered in the Mexican state of Baja California.  This fossil tooth was found in Campanian-aged deposits.  Palaeontologists had expected that armoured dinosaur fossils would be found elsewhere in Mexico, extending their known range further south.

The Southernmost Nodosaurid from North America – Acantholipan gonzalezi

Picture credit: Museo del Desierto (Mexico)

Identified from Fragments of Bone

Fragmentary fossils found near to the city of Ocampo in northern Mexico, back in 2011, suggested that nodosaurids roamed this part of North America during the Late Cretaceous, but it was thought that the fossil material was not sufficient to support the establishment of a new species.  The fossils consist of a single dorsal vertebra, a tail bone (caudal vertebra), a partial ulna, a fragment of rib, one large spike (osteodermal spine) along with a portion of an upper arm bone (distal end of a humerus).

The Fragmentary Fossil Material (CPC 272)

Picture credit: Museo del Desierto (Mexico)

The photograph (above), shows the nodosaurid fossil material from Coahuila.  Although very fragmentary, subsequent comparative analysis with younger North American nodosaurids has permitted the establishment of a new species.

Key

Distal end of right humerus in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) anterior, and (d) posterior views.
Dorsal vertebra in (e) cranial, (f) caudal, and (g-h) lateral views.
Right ulna in (i) dorsal, (j) ventral, and (k-l) lateral views.
Osteodermal spine (m-p).

Note: Scale bar = 5 centimetres

A Skeletal Reconstructioni of Acantholipan gonzalezi

A Skeletal Illustration of A. gonzalezi – Known Fossil Material Outlined in Red

Picture credit: Museo del Desierto (Mexico)

An Armoured Dinosaur from Marine Shales

The fossil material was discovered in marine shales associated with the Pen Formation.  The research team studying this material have concluded that the carcass of the dinosaur, a juvenile approximately 3.5 metres long, had been swept out to sea, before sinking to the seafloor and becoming buried by sediment.  If this dinosaur had reached maturity, the scientists estimate that it could have reached a length of about six metres and weighed several thousand kilograms.

With the naming of Acantholipan gonzalezi, this dinosaur becomes the oldest member of the Dinosauria described from the Coahuila region, and the first member of the Ankylosauria clade to have been named from Mexican fossils.

Commenting on the new species of armoured dinosaur, José Rubén Guzmán Gutiérrez of the Museo del Desierto and one of the co-authors of the scientific paper describing the dinosaur in the Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, stated:

“Here in Mexico, we have a significant palaeontological wealth, specifically in the state of Coahuila.  We have this palaeontological richness and it is worthwhile for the population to get involved in getting to know this heritage that belongs to all Mexicans.”

The name of this new species of armoured dinosaur honours its Mexican roots.  The genus name comes from the Greek “akanthos”, which means spine, combined with the name of the native Indians which inhabited this part of northern Mexico.  The species name honours Arturo González-González, the director of the Museo del Desierto.

To read an article from 2017 reporting on the discovery of a new species of horned dinosaur from the Coahuila region of Mexico: Yehuecauhceratops – A New Horned Dinosaur from Northern Mexico.

Scientists Discover Dinosaur Footprints in the Tatra Mountains

The beautiful and rugged Tatra mountain range forms a natural border between Poland and Slovakia, but during the Late Triassic, the sediments that formed part of these peaks were sandy shores close to large rivers where many different types of dinosaur wandered.  Dinosaurs left their footprints in these soft sands, and remarkably some of these trace fossils have survived more than 200 million years and they are helping palaeontologists to better understand the composition of Late Triassic vertebrate faunas.

Media reports from the Centre of Interdisciplinary Biosciences of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia, confirm the discovery of yet more three-toed theropod dinosaur footprints, although most are badly eroded, these trace fossils indicate the presence of a sizeable predator, one that may have exceeded five metres in length.

The fossils come from the Tomanová Formation and although dating the strata is challenging, the rocks are thought to have been laid down during the Late Norian to the Rhaetian faunal stage of the Triassic (215 – 202 million years ago approximately).

Palaeontologist Martin Kundrát with a Cast of a Dinosaur Footprint

Picture credit: Jana Otriová

Recording the Activity of Dinosaurs from the Late Triassic

The first dinosaur fossil footprints found in the High Tatras were described in 1976.  These fossils and subsequent footprint discoveries led to the establishment of a new ichnospecies – Coelurosaurichnus tatricus.  However, these new finds, ten dinosaur trace fossils, have helped shed further light on vertebrate fauna at an important time in our planet’s history.  At around this time, a mass extinction event occurred and a number of terrestrial vertebrates (and other types of animal) became extinct, providing the Dinosauria with even greater opportunities to diversify and produce new species.

Commenting on these fossils, one of the palaeontologists who discovered them, Martin Kundrát (Centre of Interdisciplinary Biosciences of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University), stated:

“The locality is extremely rare for Slovak dinosaurology.  It is located at high altitude.  This does not mean, however, that dinosaurs have been hiking.  The truth is that the sediments in which the traces were preserved were created hundreds of kilometres from Slovakia almost at the level of the then advancing sea.  The layers of the tracks were later transported to the territory of Slovakia and raised to the stars.  This is our modest dinosaur association.  Two of them are complete, the rest are only fragments.”

One of the More Complete Footprint Fossils

Picture credit: Martin Kundrát

Important Fossils Although Fragmentary Fossils

The fossil record for dinosaurs from Europe during the Late Triassic is relatively poor, so even these fragments are very helpful to palaeontologists as they attempt to piece together the biota of Pangaea.  The trace fossils, although quite indistinct, help scientists to gain an understanding of the various types of dinosaur that roamed this part of the world more than 200 million years ago.  Moreover, these new discoveries allow palaeontologists to revise their knowledge about an ancient ecosystem.   Based on studies of similar imprints from South Korea, the United States, Iran and China, scientists have been able to make two important deductions.

First, the researchers have concluded that the former ichnotaxonomy (classification of an animal based on its footprints, burrows, or other traces) of Coelurosaurichnus tatricus is not valid.

Secondly, the number of imprints confined to a small area indicates that it was a very often frequented locality.

The Dinosaur Footprints Indicate a Theropod Around Five Metres in Length

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

In total, this part of the High Tatras has yielded several different types of dinosaur footprint.  Several papers have been published previously describing ornithischian prints and the large, rounded tracks of what are assumed to be Sauropodomorpha, as well as numerous types of three-toed (tridactyl) prints assigned to the theropoda.

For dinosaur and prehistoric animal models: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

Uruguay’s First Pterosaur

A team of international scientists writing in the academic publication “The Journal of South American Earth Sciences”, have reported the discovery of the first pterosaur fossils known from Uruguay.  The fossil material representing a fragment of jaw with associated teeth, is believed to represent a new species of Ctenochasmatidae pterosaur.  Ctenochasmatids are geographically widespread with fossils reported from the United States, China, southern Germany, Argentina and England.  The fossils ascribed to this family of short-tailed pterosaurs have a large temporal range, from the Late Jurassic transitioning through to the Early Cretaceous.

Views of the Fragmentary Fossil Material (Rostrum)

Picture credit: The Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Buck-Toothed Pterosaur

The fossil comes from the Tacuarembó Formation, which is believed to represent deposits laid down as the early Atlantic Ocean opened up.  The strata largely consists of  sediments deposited in a terrestrial, near-shore environment.  The orientation of the tooth sockets and the preserved tooth base suggests that the conical teeth were pointed out sideways and forwards.  This may have been an adaptation for capturing slippery prey such as small fish.  This family of small pterosaurs exhibit a variety of different shaped mandibles, although fragmentary, the researchers have identified that the fossil jaw widens towards the tip (anterior portion), the shape of the jaw and its size corresponds to jaws of known ctenochasmatids, specifically the subfamily Gnathosaurinae.

Different Jaw Types within the Ctenochasmatidae

Picture credit: Wellnhofer, Howse et al from Witton

The picture shows mandible variation within the Ctenochasmatidae (A) Ctenochasma elegans seen from below, (B) Plataleorhynchus streptorophodon as viewed from below and (C), the skull of Gnathosaurus subulatus (viewed from underneath).  The dentition and the shape of the mandibles suggest adaptations for catching and consuming different types of prey.

Dating the Geological Formation Thanks to a Shark

The Tacuarembó Formation has proved very difficult to date, as the fossils found in the strata were not that easy to compare to fossils found in other rocks.  Despite, an abundance of bone fragments representing a range of creatures, including theropod dinosaurs, the Tacuarembó Formation lacked helpful biostratigraphic indicator fossils to assist with relative dating.  This changed with the discovery of numerous teeth and a single dorsal spine which was assigned to the Hybodont shark Priohybodus arambourgui.

Fossils of this primitive shark are known from the Arabian Peninsula as well as Africa and the strata associated with these fossils has permitted more accurate dating to occur.  Thanks to this shark, the authors of this new paper can state that the pterosaur fossil material comes from a fossiliferous horizon no older than the Late Jurassic.  As such, the Uruguayan pterosaur remains represent the oldest ctenochasmatid found in South America known to science.

For replicas of pterosaurs and other prehistoric animals: Prehistoric Animal Figures Including Pterosaur Models.