Newly published research in the journal “Nature” postulates that reptiles originated forty million years earlier than previously thought.  Fossil tracks (trace fossils) created by a small tetrapod with clawed feet, most probably a reptile, from the Snowy Plains Formation of Victoria, Taungurung Country significantly changes our view on the timeline of early amniote evolution.

The known fossil record of crown-group amniotes (the group that includes mammals, birds and reptiles), begins in the Late Carboniferous with sauropsid trace fossils and the body fossils of Hylonomus. The earliest body fossils of crown-group tetrapods are mid-Carboniferous, and the oldest trackways are Early Carboniferous.  Based on this evidence, it had been thought that the tetrapod crown group originated in the earliest Carboniferous (early Tournaisian), with the amniote crown group appearing in the early part of the Late Carboniferous.  This new fossil discovery challenges this view.

Flinders University Professor John Long and colleagues identified the fossilised tracks of an amniote with clawed feet.  The slab containing the fossil tracks is around 350 million years old.

Professor Long commented:

“Once we identified this, we realised this is the oldest evidence in the world of reptile-like animals walking around on land, and it pushes their evolution back by 35-to-40 million years older than the previous records in the Northern Hemisphere.”

Professor Long and his co-workers think the tracks were made by a small, lizard-like creature.

A reconstruction of an early amniote. The researchers believe the tracks were produced by an early reptile. This suggests that reptiles evolved some 40 million years earlier than previously thought. Picture credit: Martin Ambrozik.

Picture credit: Martin Ambrozik

Early Amniote Evolution

This discovery indicates that the first amniotes probably evolved in the Southern Hemisphere.  They may have evolved on the ancient supercontinent Gondwana.  Amniotes are vertebrates that undergo an embryonic developmental stage within an amnion. An amnion is a thin membrane that encloses the embryo and immerses the developing foetus in fluid. In simple terms, the amnion provides an environment in which the foetus can develop. In contrast, the eggs of amphibians do not have an amnion. They are dependent on a source of water in their environment in which to raise their young.

Professor Young added that the implications of this discovery for the early evolution of tetrapods are profound. All stem-tetrapod and stem-amniote lineages must have originated during the Devonian. It seems that tetrapod evolution proceeded much faster, and the Devonian tetrapod record is much less complete, than has been thought.

He explained:

“All stem-tetrapod and stem-amniote lineages must have originated during the Devonian period – but tetrapod evolution proceeded much faster, and the Devonian tetrapod record is much less complete than we have believed.”

Much remains uncertain regarding the evolution of early tetrapods and the rise of the amniotes. Scientists think that global warming may have led to the gradual dominance of the Reptilia and the demise of amphibians and their close relatives.

A dramatic change in climate may have aided the rise of the reptiles: Global Climate Change May Have Helped Reptile Evolution.

New Fossil Evidence

This new fossil evidence from Australia falsifies the previous, widely accepted timeline.  For Professor Long, his involvement with this amazing research goes back some forty-five years.  He did his PhD thesis on the fossils of the Mansfield district.  However, it was only recently after organising palaeontology field trips with Flinders University students that locals joined the hunt for fossils.

Two locals, Craig Eury and John Eason (co-authors of the study), found the slab covered in trackways.  At first, it was thought this trace fossil represented amphibian tracks.  However, a closer examination revealed that one track has a hooked claw coming off the digits, evidence for a reptile-like animal.

Searching for fossils in the Mansfield district of northern Victoria. Picture credit: Flinders University.

Picture credit: Flinders University

Crystal Clear Trackways

The trackways are preserved in astonishing detail. Dr Alice Clement (Flinders University and co-author), helped scan the fossil tracks to create digital models that could be analysed in detail.  Scientists from Uppsala University (Sweden) led by Professor Per Erik Ahlberg collaborated in this research. Digital heat maps were produced highlighting the depth and the topography of individual prints.

Dr Clement stated:

“We study rocks and fossils of the Carboniferous and Devonian age with specific interest to observe the very important fish-tetrapod transition. We’re trying to tease apart the details of how the bodies and lifestyles of these animals changed, as they moved from being fish that lived in water, to becoming tetrapods that moved about on land.”

Dr Aaron Camens (Flinders University), an expert in early tetrapod and amniote trackways explained that trackways record behaviour and tell scientists a lot about the animal’s locomotion.

He commented:

“A skeleton can tell us only so much about what an animal could do, but a trackway actually records its behaviour and tells us how this animal was moving.”

As Professor Long has been studying fossils from the Mansfield district since 1980, the team had a clear idea of the age of the rock deposits.  He has produced an extensive catalogue of fish fossils from the Mansfield district.  These fossils could then be compared with other fossil sites, with accurately dated rocks from around the world.  This location has produced some amazing fish fossils.  However, the quest had always been to find evidence of land animals (tetrapods).

Revising the Timeline of Early Amniote Evolution

The Mansfield district trace fossil slab dates from the Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian faunal stage).  Ironically, it was a comparison of fish fossils that permitted the team to calculate the age of the specimen to within ten million years.  This ground-breaking research has permitted the team to re-write the timeline of early amniote evolution. They conclude that these fossilised tracks show reptile-like animals appeared on Earth up to forty million years earlier than previously thought.

Revised timescale of early tetrapod evolution. Stratigraphic timescale representation of the Devonian and Carboniferous, showing the impact of the Snowy Plains Formation sauropsid tracks. The track record is shown as a pink rectangle, of double height to indicate possible age range. Picture credit: Long et al.

Picture credit: Long et al

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from Flinders University in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Earliest amniote tracks recalibrate the timeline of tetrapod evolution” by John A. Long, Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Jillian Garvey, Alice M. Clement, Aaron B. Camens, Craig A. Eury, John Eason and Per E. Ahlberg published in the journal Nature.

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A new species of rinconsaurian titanosaur has been named based on fossils unearthed in northern Patagonia.  The dinosaur has been named Chadititan calvoi. The Rinconsauria clade comprises Late Cretaceous, relatively small and gracile Argentinian titanosaurs. Its composition remains disputed. Phylogenetic analyses reveal contrasting results depending on statistical parameters, but some academics have proposed as many as twenty taxa within this clade.

The fossil material, representing several individuals comes from outcrops of the Anacleto Formation. This formation is thought to have been laid down in the early to middle Campanian faunal stage of the Cretaceous.  The bedding plane associated with these fossils suggests that this dinosaur lived around seventy-eight million years ago.

Chadititan calvoi

The genus name is derived from the local dialect meaning “salt”. The type locality is an extensive salt flat. The species name honours the Argentine palaeontologist Jorge O. Calvo who first proposed the Rinconsauria clade.  Although known from fragmentary remains, palaeontologists have been able to estimate the size of this herbivore.  The partial femora (thigh bones), were compared to more complete Bonatitan (B. reigi) limb bones.  Chadititan is estimated to have been around seven metres long.

A scale drawing of the rinconsaurian titanosaur from northern Patagonia Chadititan calvoi. This dinosaur is estimated to have been about seven metres in length. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The Rinconsauria was erected in 2007.  The clade consists of slender relatively small titanosaurs with long limbs and modified pelvic girdles.  As far as we at Everything Dinosaur are aware, no osteoderms have been found in association with rinconsaurian fossils.  Dermal armour could have been absent in this clade of titanosaurs.

A Diverse Fossil Assemblage Dominated by Freshwater Turtles

The fossils were found at a location owned by the Marin family near General Roca city (Rio Negro province).  The authors of the scientific paper report a new assemblage of fossils representing a diverse biota.  The site could represent an oasis in what was an exceptionally arid environment.  Gastropods, lungfishes, freshwater turtles and crocodilian fossils have been found.

Turtle fossils are the most common vertebrate fossils present.  They represent over ninety percent of the recovered material.

The scientific paper: “New fossiliferous locality from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) from northern Patagonia, with the description of a new titanosaur” by Agnolín, Federico L.; Motta, Matías J.; Garcia Marsà, Jordi; Aranciaga-Rolando et al. Paper published – Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

The direct ancestor of the iconic Tyrannosaurus rex came from Asia. Newly published research lends weight to the theory that the direct ancestor of Tyrannosaurus rex dispersed into North America from Asia via an ancient land bridge. Fossils of T. rex are known from Canada and the USA. However, there is some evidence to suggest that this super-predator may also have roamed what is now Mexico.  The origins of this famous dinosaur, more specifically the Tyrannosaurini, have been hotly debated.

Did the ancestors of T. rex come from Asia or did its ancestors evolve in North America (southern Laramidia)?

The spectacular Titus the T. rex exhibit at Wollaton Hall. A newly published study (May 2025) supports the theory that the ancestors of the iconic Tyrannosaurus rex originated in Asia. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The Origins of the Iconic Tyrannosaurus rex

Previous studies had suggested that the ancestors of the iconic Tyrannosaurus rex migrated into North America from Asia. This theory was primarily based on the closer taxonomic relationship that T. rex has with Asian tyrannosaurids such as Zhuchengtyrannus and Tarbosaurus. Tyrannosaurus rex was more distantly related to Laramidian tyrannosaurids such as Daspletosaurus and Teratophoneus. So, based on this evidence, it was thought that the lineage of tyrannosaurs that were direct ancestors of the “Tyrant Lizard King” probably evolved in Asia.

Dalman et al in their scientific description of Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis (2024) proposed that the Tyrannosaurus genus evolved in southern Laramidia. Their theory was underpinned by the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian age of the T. mcraeensis holotype. However, doubt has been cast over the exact age of the holotype fossil material.

In this new study, a biogeographical analysis of the Tyrannosauridae family, particularly the tribe Tyrannosaurini suggests that tyrannosaurines diversified in the Late Campanian. This diversification supports the idea of a migration of ancestors of T. rex from Asia into North America.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s blog post about Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis: A New Tyrannosaurus Species is Described.

Tyrannosaurus Genus Likely Endemic to North America

The research team conclude that Tyrannosaurus is likely an endemic, North American genus.  The ancestor of the genus dispersed into North American biotas, where it would give rise to Tyrannosaurus. In addition, gigantism occurred numerous times within the Tyrannosauroidea. It was potentially driven by cooler or cooling climates. This study supports the idea that evolutionary changes within the Dinosauria of the Late Cretaceous was partly in response to climate change. The research illustrates the importance of using climate and ecological data to better understand dinosaurian evolution within wider global climatic shifts.

Shedding Light on the Enigmatic Megaraptoridae

The study also sheds light on the evolution of the enigmatic megaraptors.  The Megaraptoridae are a different family of theropod dinosaurs.  How closely related they were to the tyrannosaurs remains disputed.

Some megaraptors were giants.  They occupied the apex predator niche within many ecosystems.  For example, Maip macrothorax from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina may have measured in excess of ten metres long.  Whilst the Tyrannosaurini evolved massive skulls and powerful jaws to take down prey.  Megaraptorids such as Maip evolved in a different direction.  These predators had powerful forelimbs and grasping digits tipped with huge claws.

The new for 2025 CollectA Deluxe M. macrothorax figure shown in lateral view.

The picture (above) shows a 1:40 scale model of Maip macrothorax.  It is part of the CollectA Deluxe range of prehistoric animal figures.

To view the CollectA Deluxe range of models: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Models.

Although the extremely fragmentary nature of the megaraptorid was a limiting factor in this research, the team postulate that the megaraptors most likely diverged from the tyrannosaurs around 170 million years ago in Asia.  The megaraptors spread south into what is now Australia, South America and Antarctica via Europe and Africa.

Megaraptorids evolved into the top predators in areas such as Patagonia and Australia, but elsewhere in the world, such as Asia they were replaced by tyrannosaurs.

The scientists would like to extend their modelling but to do so more early tyrannosaur and megaraptor fossils would be needed to make any analysis robust.

The scientific paper: “Rise of the king: Gondwanan origins and evolution of megaraptoran dinosaurs” by Cassius Morrison, Charlie Roger Scherer, Ezekiel V. O’Callaghan, Collin Layton, Colin Boisvert, Mauro Aranciaga Rolando, Leroy Durrant, Pedro Salas, Steven J. R. Allain and Samuel J. L. Gascoigne published by Royal Society Open Science.

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