Everything Dinosaur Blog - Dinosaur Models

3 10, 2026

New Haolonggood Purussaurus Models Coming into Stock

By Mike|2026-10-02T14:01:58+01:00October 3rd, 2026|Categories: Haolonggood Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

The two, recently announced Haolonggood Purussaurus models are coming into stock at Everything Dinosaur. The UK-based mail order company already stocks the Haolonggood Sarcosuchus figures. They make an excellent accompaniment to Haolonggood’s Spinosaurus and Ouranosaurus models. Purussaurus lived during the Miocene Epoch. Therefore, this crocodilian is geologically much younger than Sarcosuchus.

Two colour variants of Purussaurus will be offered. Firstly, a green-coloured version (right) and secondly a figure with numerous brown tones.

Two colour variants will be offered. There will be a predominantly green and also a brown-coloured version. Both models have articulated jaws.

To view the current range of Haolonggood prehistoric animal models available: Haolonggood Prehistoric Animal Figures.

Haolonggood Purussaurus Models

The models measure around twenty-eight centimetres in length. Both figures have a declared scale of 1:35. It is difficult to say whether this scale statement is accurate, as the three valid species of this genus were different sizes. Moreover, size estimates for Purussaurus vary. For example, the species Purussaurus brasiliensis, the largest species described to date, was once thought to have measured up to seventeen metres in length.

However, more recent assessments, based on skull length indicate a size of around twelve metres on average. The lack of a complete fossil specimen to study restricts what can be deduced about the total length of this crocodilian.

It has been classified as a member of the Alligatoridae family, specifically a caiman (Caimaninae sub-family). Model collectors regard Purussaurus as one of the largest crocodilians known.

Purussaurus was an apex predator. It likely fed on turtles, fish and other crocodilians. In addition, it would have been an ambush predator of mammals that ventured too close to the water.

Bite marks discovered on a fossilised lower leg bone of a phorusrhacid (terror bird), have been interpreted as feeding traces from a juvenile Purussaurus. It is not known whether this trace fossil reflects active predation or scavenging a phorusrhacid carcase.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“Sue and I are looking forward to the arrival of these two Haolonggood figures. It is pleasing to see further additions to the exciting Ancient Witness product range. We hope to have these two Purussaurus figures in stock soon.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Visit the Everything Dinosaur Website.

2 10, 2026

Why Do Different Dinosaur Models of the Same Animal Look Different?

By Mike|2026-10-02T12:33:47+01:00October 2nd, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

If you collect dinosaur and prehistoric animal models, you may have noticed something curious. Two models representing exactly the same dinosaur can look surprisingly different. The arrangement of the armour plates on a stegosaur might differ. One T. rex figure might be heavily built with extremely wide hips, whereas another model could look slimmer. A reconstruction might show prominent teeth, while another gives the dinosaur fleshy lips. Why do different dinosaur models of the same animal look different?

The simple answer is that dinosaur models represent interpretations of fossil evidence. That evidence is often incomplete. Furthermore, scientists continually discover new fossils and reassess specimens already held in museum collections. As a result, our understanding and interpretation of fossil evidence can change – often dramatically.

Most Dinosaur Models Reflect Scientific Evidence

No human being has ever seen a non-avian dinosaur alive. Therefore, palaeontologists must reconstruct these animals using evidence preserved in the fossil record. Skeletons provide information about anatomy, body proportions and locomotion. However, complete dinosaur skeletons are extremely rare. A dinosaur species might be known from only part of the skeleton. Indeed, back in the 19th and early 20th centuries a new taxon could be erected based on a single tooth. These days, palaeontologists tend to be more cautious before announcing a new species.

Fragmentary, often poorly preserved remains are all that researchers have to work with. Consequently, palaeontologists sometimes have to infer missing anatomy by studying related animals. This can lead to different interpretations.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur explained:

“Collectors sometimes ask us why two models representing the same dinosaur can look so different. The simple answer is that palaeontology does not stand still. New fossils are discovered, existing specimens are reassessed and our interpretation of these remarkable animals changes.”

Different Dinosaur Models Can Represent Different Scientific Ideas

A difference between two dinosaur models does not automatically mean that one is accurate and the other is inaccurate. Both models might represent scientifically plausible interpretations. For example, palaeontologists can determine a great deal from fossilised bones. However, reconstructing the soft tissues surrounding those bones is much more difficult.

When reconstructing a dinosaur there are many questions to be answered. For instance, how long was the tail? How extensive were soft tissues around the jaws? What was the shape of the skull? How these questions are answered can significantly alter the appearance of a dinosaur reconstruction.

Indeed, research into theropod facial tissues has demonstrated how different interpretations can influence dinosaur appearance. A 2023 study proposed that large theropod dinosaurs probably possessed extraoral tissues covering their teeth when the mouth was closed. Consequently, two Tyrannosaurus rex models based on very similar skeletal proportions could still have noticeably different heads.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s article about the 2023 study: Tyrannosaurs Had Lips According to New Research.

A recent article highlighting research into extraoral tissue in archosaurs: Lips in the Dinosauria – New Evidence is Published.

The Spinosaurus Genus – A Theropod That Keeps Changing

Few dinosaurs demonstrate changing scientific interpretations better than Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Older reconstructions often portrayed Spinosaurus as a fairly conventional large theropod with an enormous sail on its back. However, subsequent fossil discoveries transformed our understanding of this remarkable dinosaur. Research published in 2020 described a deep, flexible tail associated with Spinosaurus. The researchers investigated its potential role in aquatic locomotion.

Therefore, a Spinosaurus model designed many years ago could look very different from one created using more recent research. This does not necessarily mean the older model was poorly researched. It may simply represent the scientific interpretation available when it was designed.

Different dinosaur models (Spinosaurus).

Spinosaurus has been a popular addition to the ranges of numerous manufacturers. However, over time models of this theropod have changed dramatically as scientific theory is revised. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The image (above) illustrates this point. Various manufacturers have made models of Spinosaurus over the years. Each model reflects the scientific interpretation of the dinosaur at around the time the figure was made.

Dinosaur Reconstructions Have a Time Stamp

In a sense, every scientifically informed dinosaur model has an invisible time stamp. The designer and manufacturer can only work with the evidence available during development. A model designed ten years ago cannot incorporate a fossil discovery made last year. Moreover, developing a detailed prehistoric animal figure takes time. Research, concept drawings, sculpting, tooling, production and distribution can mean that many months pass before a model reaches collectors. Indeed, our own Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex took three years to develop.

Scientific knowledge may continue to develop during that period. Therefore, when assessing dinosaur model accuracy, it is useful to ask:

When was the model designed, and what scientific evidence was available at that time?

The Colour of Dinosaurs

Colour creates another major difference between dinosaur models. For most dinosaurs, their colouration remains unknown. Consequently, model designers have considerable freedom when developing colour schemes. However, there are some notable exceptions.

Exceptionally preserved fossils can retain microscopic evidence associated with pigmentation. Research into fossilised melanosomes has permitted scientists to investigate colouration in several extinct animals. For example, studies of Sinosauropteryx provided evidence for reddish-brown tones and banding on its tail. In addition, the colour of future sauropod fossils could be influenced by recent research. Historically, sauropod models have been depicted in dull colours, particularly grey. Elephants are grey and as a result, many sauropod models are painted grey.

CollectA rearing Diplodocus (grey). Research into Diplodocus feeding habits.

The new for 2020 CollectA rearing Diplodocus dinosaur model in the elephantine colour scheme. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

However, late last year (2025), a research paper was published that postulated that sauropod dinosaurs could have been quite colourful.

To read more about this study: Evidence of Colour Patterning in a Young Diplodocus.

Research into dinosaur colouration has developed considerably. Scientists have investigated colour and patterning in several feathered and scale-covered dinosaurs, although reconstructing prehistoric colour remains a controversial subject. For the vast majority of dinosaur models, however, colour schemes remain interpretations.

One manufacturer might choose greens and browns. Another might use vivid markings inspired by living birds or reptiles. Neither colour scheme necessarily makes the model anatomically less accurate.

Skin, Feathers and Scales Make a Difference

The external covering of a dinosaur can also dramatically alter its appearance. Fossilised skin impressions provide direct evidence for the integument of some dinosaurs. Exceptionally preserved fossils have also revealed feathers and other filamentous structures. Nevertheless, preservation is patchy. Scientists might know what covered one part of an animal but have little or no direct evidence from another part of the body. Furthermore, discoveries of feathered dinosaurs have transformed how many theropods are reconstructed.

A model produced before important discoveries relating to dinosaur integument might therefore look very different from a more recent interpretation.

A close-up view of the preserved skin impression associated with the S. cutleri fossil specimen NHMUK R5161. This amazing fossil is on display at the London Natural History Museum. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Individual Dinosaurs Were Different Too

There is another factor that is sometimes overlooked. Dinosaurs were individual animals. Members of a living species are not identical. There could be wide variation in appearance within a population. For example, sexual dimorphism could be present, and individuals would vary in size and appearance. Animals also change considerably as they grow. Hence, the extensive debate about whether Nanotyrannus is a valid taxon or whether these fossils represent Tyrannosaurus rex juveniles.

New research provides definitive evidence that Nanotyrannus is a valid taxon: Nanotyrannus is a Valid Taxon.

Furthermore, injuries, pathology and individual variation could affect appearance. One of the biggest controversies in recent years has been whether or not large Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurs were feathered. If they were, what proportion of their integument consisted of feathers?

Different dinosaur models. For example, the integument of T. rex is often depicted differently.

The integument of Tyrannosaurus rex has been depicted in a variety of ways. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture (above) shows how feathers in tyrannosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex have been depicted in different models.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur added:

“Our own 1:33 scale Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex model, took three years to develop. We examined extremely carefully the evidence regarding integument, and our model represents a scientific depiction of this theropod based on a review of the available evidence.”

To view the Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex models: Everything Dinosaur Evolution Dinosaur Models.

Therefore, we should not necessarily expect every reconstruction of a particular dinosaur species to look identical.

The Scale of Model Can Add Complications

Dinosaur model scale introduces another complication. Imagine that one manufacturer estimates an adult dinosaur measured ten metres long. Another reconstruction uses an estimate of eleven metres. At 1:40 scale, those assumptions produce models with different dimensions. Pose matters too. A dinosaur with a curved neck or sweeping tail will have a different measured length from an animal reconstructed in a different posture. Therefore, comparing model length alone does not always tell us whether two figures represent the same scale. Indeed, dinosaurs grew at different rates, declaring a scale for a dinosaur is challenging. Furthermore, the size of a species can only be estimated. Most dinosaur fossils do not represent fully-grown animals.

Scientific Accuracy Is Not Always Black and White

Collectors understandably want scientifically accurate prehistoric animal models. However, accuracy is not always a simple case of right or wrong. Some anatomical features are supported by extensive fossil evidence. Other features are more uncertain.

A model might have highly accurate skeletal proportions but use a speculative colour scheme. Another could incorporate the latest ideas about soft tissues while adopting one of several plausible interpretations of the animal’s overall build.

Mike explained:

“When we examine a new prehistoric animal model, we try to consider the evidence behind the reconstruction. It is important to distinguish between features supported directly by fossils and areas where the sculptor has had to make an informed interpretation.”

This is one reason dinosaur model collecting can be so fascinating. For instance, the 2026 CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia hadrosaur model has a large, bright red head crest. The crest is unknown in this genus, however, as a lambeosaurine, it probably was crested, although the shape of the crest on the model is speculative. In addition, there is no evidence to indicate that this crest was red. However, as visual display is thought to be important to social dinosaurs such as lambeosaurines, the designer has opted to give their figure an eye-catching crest. The addition of a loose fold of skin running along the throat (a dewlap) is also speculative.

The CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia dinosaur model.

The CollectA Deluxe 1:60 scale replica of Magnapaulia shown in left lateral view. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal models in stock: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life Models.

Models do more than represent prehistoric animals. They can also reflect the development of palaeontology itself.

Why Do Different Dinosaur Models Look Different?

Ultimately, different dinosaur models of the same animal can look different for several reasons. New fossils are discovered, existing specimens are reinterpreted and scientific ideas change. In addition, soft tissues are rarely preserved. Colour is usually uncertain, individual animals varied, and manufacturers may choose different scientifically plausible reconstructions.

Older models can even provide a fascinating record of how perceptions of a dinosaur have changed. Therefore, when two Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops or Spinosaurus models look different, the differences can tell us something important.

Reconstructing dinosaurs is not simply about copying a skeleton. It is about interpreting evidence. As new evidence emerges, our view of the Dinosauria changes. Inevitably, the models that represent them change too.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

New Research Provides Data on the Body Temperature of Tyrannosaurus
New Research Provides Data on the Body Temperature of Tyrannosaurus

1 10, 2026

New Research Provides Data on the Body Temperature of Tyrannosaurus

By Mike|2026-10-01T08:42:17+01:00October 1st, 2026|Categories: Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

Scientists, using an innovative isotope method have calculated Tyrannosaurus rex body temperature. The novel research, published in the journal “Science Advances” sheds new light on the “King of the Tyrant Lizards”. Remarkably, this famous, carnivorous dinosaur had a body temperature comparable to our own.

Researchers used fossilised tooth enamel to estimate the T. rex body temperature. Their results suggest a temperature of approximately 36°C (97°F). Indeed, this is similar to the temperature range of healthy adult humans at around 97°F and 99°F (36.1°C to 37.2°C).

The research provides further evidence that Tyrannosaurus rex was warm-blooded (endothermic). Moreover, it helps palaeontologists understand how this enormous theropod lived and where it could survive.

Taking the Temperature of a T. rex

Scientists cannot put a thermometer into a dinosaur that died around sixty-six million years ago. However, its fossilised teeth can preserve chemical evidence relating to body temperature. Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) refined a technique for analysing rare isotopes within tooth enamel. Certain isotopes of carbon and oxygen form chemical bonds together. The frequency of these bonds varies according to temperature. More bonds form at cooler temperatures, while fewer form under warmer conditions. Consequently, these chemical relationships can act as a prehistoric thermometer.

UCLA geobiologist and study co-author Robert Eagle explained:

“No one’s been able to make a temperature measurement like this before.”

The researchers calculated a temperature of approximately 36°C for T. rex with a margin of error of 2.5°C plus or minus. Furthermore, the result differs considerably from temperatures associated with many living reptiles.

A T. rex shoot shown next to a sharpie pen to provide a scale.

One of the T. rex teeth used to measure the body temperature of T. rex, with a sharpie pen for scale. Tooth provided by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Picture credit: UCLA.

Picture credit: UCLA

Tyrannosaurus rex Was Warmer Than Its Surroundings

Modern reptiles typically rely heavily on environmental heat to regulate their body temperatures. Reptiles are often referred to as being cold-blooded (ectothermic). In contrast, mammals and birds generate substantial amounts of heat internally (endothermy).

According to the UCLA media release, many living cold-blooded reptiles have body temperatures around 28°C to 30°C. Birds frequently maintain much higher temperatures of approximately 40°C to 43°C. Therefore, the T. rex result falls between these examples.

Importantly, the researchers concluded that the dinosaur was warmer than its surroundings. This supports growing evidence that large theropod dinosaurs possessed sophisticated metabolisms.

Robert Eagle added:

“We found T. rex was 36 Celsius (97 Fahrenheit), about the same as humans.”

This does not mean Tyrannosaurus rex regulated its temperature exactly like a modern human. Dinosaur thermoregulation remains a complex area of research. Nevertheless, the new measurement provides an important piece of direct evidence.

Dinosaur Teeth Provide the Evidence

The scientists analysed teeth belonging to “Thomas”, a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. This tyrannosaur was excavated from the famous Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Initially, the technique required relatively large fossil samples. Understandably, museums are reluctant to sacrifice significant portions of rare dinosaur fossils.

However, the UCLA team gradually refined its methodology. Over approximately a decade, researchers reduced the amount of fossil material required by around ninety percent. As a result, only a few milligrams were needed.

Senior author Aradhna Tripati (UCLA) explained:

“Nobody hands you a T. rex tooth unless you can show them you only need a few milligrams.”

The researchers carefully removed enamel using a dental drill. They then dissolved the resulting powder in phosphoric acid. This process released carbon dioxide containing the important isotope bonds. Subsequently, a mass spectrometer enabled the scientists to measure the isotope ratios. Tooth enamel was particularly useful for this research. Its large crystalline structures make it extremely durable. In addition, enamel resists chemical alteration after burial better than many other skeletal tissues.

A typical Tyrannosaurus rex tooth, isotope study reveals Tyrannosaurus rex body temperature.

Study author and UCLA Professor Robert Eagle pointing to details on one of the T. rex teeth used to measure the body temperature of T. rex. Tooth provided by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Picture credit: UCLA.

Picture credit: UCLA

Checking Tyrannosaurus rex Body Temperature

The research team also needed to demonstrate that fossilisation had not distorted the temperature signal. Fortunately, the “Thomas” specimen came from the same locality as fossil crocodilian material available for analysis. The researchers calculated a temperature of approximately 30°C (86°F) for the crocodilian. In contrast, T. rex produced the substantially higher figure of 36°C.

If geological processes had produced the temperature signature, similar results might be expected from both animals. Therefore, the difference provides additional support for the interpretation of the tyrannosaur data.

An Active Tyrannosaurus rex

A warm-bodied Tyrannosaurus rex has important implications for how palaeontologists reconstruct this dinosaur. Maintaining an elevated body temperature requires energy. Therefore, the findings support interpretations of tyrannosaurs as active animals with relatively high metabolic demands. Such an animal would have required substantial quantities of food.

The findings are consistent with a T. rex capable of actively searching for prey and scavenging carcasses. They also move the dinosaur still further from outdated portrayals of a sluggish, lumbering reptile. Furthermore, a warmer body could have helped tyrannosaurs occupy cooler environments.

Scientific research also plays an important role in the development of accurate prehistoric animal models. Everything Dinosaur has produced a highly detailed 1:33 scale Tyrannosaurus rex, the first model in a series of four representing Hell Creek biota.

The replica reflects contemporary thinking about this iconic Late Cretaceous theropod. It forms part of a project designed to combine scientific research with highly detailed prehistoric animal replicas. It can be posed next to the Triceratops model (in development), thus reflecting the idea that it was an active predator.

Unbox history! The Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex model is the first dinosaur model to have a digital product passport. In addition, the plan is to remove single use plastic bags from the packaging. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Collectors can view the Everything Dinosaur Evolution Range Here.

New discoveries continue to change our perception of this remarkable predator. Evidence from its teeth now provides another fascinating insight. We at Everything Dinosaur try our best to reflect the known fossil evidence through our Everything Dinosaur Evolution range of models.

Tyrannosaurs at High Latitudes

Tyrannosaur fossils have been discovered at high northern latitudes. This raises an intriguing question about how these dinosaurs coped with cold conditions. During the Late Cretaceous, global temperatures were considerably higher than today. Nevertheless, high-latitude regions still experienced cold and prolonged winter conditions.

Study co-author Alessandro Chiarenza (University College London) used palaeoclimate models to investigate the implications. The researchers reconstructed suitable habitats stretching across North America. These extended from Mexico northwards towards Alaska.

Chiarenza stated:

“Now we have empirical evidence using this geologic thermometer.”

Significantly, fossils of many familiar reptile groups are absent from Cretaceous Alaska. Yet, tyrannosaur fossils occur at high latitudes. A warm-bodied physiology could help explain this distribution.

From Tyrannosaurs to Modern Birds

The findings also contribute to our understanding of dinosaur evolution. Birds are living dinosaurs and maintain high internal body temperatures. Therefore, researchers want to understand when elevated metabolic rates evolved within the Dinosauria. Tyrannosaurus rex belonged to the Theropoda. This enormous carnivore was consequently a distant relative of the lineage that produced modern birds. However, the estimated temperature of T. rex was lower than that of most living birds.

Robert Eagle described the result as higher than expected for a reptile or slow-moving mammal, but lower than an avian (bird) temperature. Consequently, the research provides another valuable datapoint for studying the evolution of dinosaur metabolism.

Palaeontologists have learned an extraordinary amount about theropod dinosaurs. Fossils provide evidence concerning their growth, locomotion, feeding and senses. Now, remarkably, fossil teeth can provide information about Tyrannosaurus rex body temperature too.

Aradhna Tripati commented:

“For an animal this famous, it is remarkable how little we actually knew.”

She added that thermal physiology influences behaviour, geographical range and an animal’s energy requirements. The new research therefore helps scientists reconstruct Tyrannosaurus rex as a living animal rather than simply a fossil skeleton.

New discoveries continue to change our perception of this remarkable predator. Evidence from its teeth now provides another fascinating insight. Tyrannosaurus rex was not simply enormous. It was a warm-bodied, metabolically active dinosaur capable of thriving across a surprisingly broad range of environments.

And, more than sixty-six million years later, its teeth have finally allowed scientists to take its temperature.

The research was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of the University of California–Los Angeles in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “The body temperature of Tyrannosaurus rex” by Randon J. Flores, Robert A. Eagle, Robin B. Trayler, Gabriele Larocca Conte, Sora L. Kim, Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza, Alex Farnsworth, Paul J. Valdes, Luis Chiappe and Aradhna Tripati published in Science Advances.

30 09, 2026

Natural History Museums Unite in Powerful Call for Co-ordinated Biodiversity Action

By Mike|2026-10-01T09:45:48+01:00September 30th, 2026|Categories: Animal News Stories|0 Comments

Five leading German natural history and biodiversity research institutions have issued a joint call for decisive action to protect global biodiversity. The appeal comes ahead of the 17th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP17). The conference takes place in Yerevan, Armenia, from 19th to 30th October 2026. The institutions are urging policymakers to turn international biodiversity commitments into measurable action. After the extreme weather events recorded in Europe this year, calls for COP17 biodiversity action have grown much louder.

COP17 Biodiversity Action

The joint appeal is supported by the Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research. In addition, the Bavarian State Natural History Collections and the Stuttgart Natural History Museum are also signatories. Their intervention focuses on the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, agreed in 2022. This international agreement aims to halt biodiversity loss and create a future in which people live in harmony with nature by 2050.

One of the remarkable Evolution in Action display cases at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. This exhibit highlights the remarkable biodiversity on planet Earth. Picture credit: Carola Radke, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin.

Picture credit: Carola Radke, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin

The loss of biodiversity in Germany was brought into sharp focus recently with the publishing of a paper documenting the decline of Berlin’s amphibian and dragonfly populations.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s article about this research: Alarming Decline in Berlin’s Amphibian Population.

COP17 will include the first global review of collective progress towards these objectives. Therefore, the researchers argue that the meeting represents an important opportunity to identify shortcomings and accelerate action.

The institutions stated:

“Biodiversity is much more than just a nature conservation issue. It forms the basis for food security, clean water, health, economic performance and, not least, social stability.”

Protecting Thirty Percent of the Land and Sea

One important objective is the so-called 30×30 target. This calls for the effective protection of thirty percent of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030. However, the scientists emphasise that simply designating protected areas is not enough. These areas must deliver genuine conservation benefits. Consequently, internationally comparable scientific standards and effective monitoring are required.

The joint appeal also calls for reliable, long-term conservation funding. In addition, the researchers want subsidies that damage biodiversity to be gradually phased out.

A life reconstruction of the extinct Dodo on display at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. The Dodo exhibit provides palpable evidence of mankind’s impact on the natural world. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Natural History Museums Have a Crucial Role

Natural history museums can make an important contribution to biodiversity conservation. Their vast collections provide evidence documenting changes in ecosystems and species over hundreds of years. Furthermore, these institutions maintain taxonomic expertise, long-term research programmes and extensive scientific databases. New monitoring techniques can be combined with historic collections to help researchers understand how biodiversity is changing.

The signatories commented:

“Collection-based natural history research is essential for understanding the causes of changes in biodiversity, as well as for making more reliable predictions and shaping future developments.”

They are therefore calling for scientific infrastructure to be strengthened and more closely connected internationally. The researchers also highlighted the importance of maintaining open access to digital sequence information (DSI). Such information supports research across biodiversity conservation, medicine, agriculture and other scientific disciplines.

As COP17 approaches, the five institutions have called for ambitious but measurable outcomes. Their message is clear: international biodiversity targets need reliable scientific evidence, effective monitoring and sustained investment if they are to deliver meaningful change.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur welcomed this initiative and stated:

“Helping to maintain biodiversity is something that we can all contribute to. For example, we have established a small pond that is thriving and providing a welcome oasis for all sorts of wildlife. In addition, we have planted lots of insect-friendly plants to help boost the numbers of bees, butterflies and other pollinators in our local area.”

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin in the compilation of this article.

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Museum Quality Prehistoric Animal Figures.

29 09, 2026

New Dicynodont Taxon Could Transform the Timeline of Dinosaur Origins

By Mike|2026-09-30T07:52:04+01:00September 29th, 2026|Categories: Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

Scientists have described a new species of dicynodont from fossils discovered in Tanzania. These fossils could help palaeontologists refine the timeline for the origin of the dinosaurs. The new species has been named Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda. It lived around 240 million years ago during the Triassic Period. Importantly, Dinodontosaurus was not a dinosaur. As a dicynodont, it is a synapsid, an evolutionary lineage that eventually produced modern mammals.

An international research team led by the University of Bristol described the new species. Their study has been published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Introducing Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda

Researchers examined an associated dicynodont skeleton collected during a British expedition to Tanzania in 1963. The fossils subsequently entered the collection of the Natural History Museum in London. However, much of this material remained only partly studied. The scientists combined their examination of the historic specimen with a more recently discovered fragmentary skull. Their analysis identified the fossils as belonging to the genus Dinodontosaurus.

This identification came as a surprise. Previously, Dinodontosaurus fossils had only been confirmed from South America. Furthermore, detailed anatomical comparisons demonstrated that the Tanzanian fossils represented a new species.

Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda life reconstruction. Picture credit: Gabriel Ugueto.

Picture credit: Gabriel Ugueto

The species name “isiyavamanda” refers to the land of the Wamanda people. They inhabit the region of Tanzania where the fossils were discovered.

Hady George, a PhD student at the University of Bristol and lead author of the study, explained:

“Our discovery marks the first confirmed record of the genus Dinodontosaurus outside South America. The finding links the Tanzanian and South American fossil-bearing rocks, showing they are of equivalent age.”

A new silesaurid from the Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone: Gondwanax – A New Silesaurid Taxon.

An Important Triassic Herbivore

Dicynodonts were extremely successful synapsids. They first evolved during the Permian and survived the devastating end-Permian mass extinction. These generally stocky animals subsequently became important components of many Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. The last dicynodonts lived during the Late Triassic around 205 million years ago. For example, the giant Lisowicia (L. bojani), roamed what is now known as Poland during the Rhaetian age of the Late Triassic. Lisowicia is the largest known dicynodont, as well as the largest non-mammalian synapsid.

A scale drawing of the giant dicynodont Lisowicia bojani. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The researchers identified several anatomical characteristics that distinguish Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda from the South American species. For example, the new species possessed a distinctive structure to its palate. The researchers suggest this feature could relate to food processing. In addition, this autapomorphy hints at niche partitioning. Perhaps D. isiyavamanda exploited different food resources compared to other coeval dicynodonts. Such resource partitioning could have helped several large herbivores coexist.

Rethinking the Timeline of Dinosaur Origins

The Tanzanian fossils come from the famous Manda Beds. These rocks have yielded an extraordinary assemblage of Middle to Late Triassic vertebrates. Crucially, the Manda Beds have also produced fossils linked to the earliest stages of dinosaur evolution. These include Nyasasaurus, a possible early dinosaur, and the dinosauriform Asilisaurus.

Everything Dinosaur’s 2012 article highlighting the discovery of Nyasasaurus parringtoni: Pushing Back the Date of Dinosaur Evolution.

An article from 2010 examining fossil evidence from Tanzania that sheds light on the evolution of the Dinosauria: Dinosauria Evolved Ten Million Years Earlier.

Determining the age of these rocks is therefore extremely important. Previously, scientists correlated parts of the Manda Beds with fossil-bearing deposits in South Africa. This correlation supported an older Middle Triassic age for some of the Tanzanian fossils.

However, the identification of Dinodontosaurus in Tanzania provides another way to correlate these rocks. Dinodontosaurus is also known from South America. Therefore, its presence provides a biostratigraphic link between fossil deposits separated today by the Atlantic Ocean.

Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda front of the skull and the lower jaw. Picture credit: Jonathan Jackson and Hady George.

Picture credit: Jonathan Jackson and Hady George

Dating the Manda Beds

Around 240 million years ago, Africa and South America formed parts of the enormous supercontinent Pangaea. Consequently, animals could disperse across regions that are now widely separated. Recent radiometric dating of South American rocks indicates that these deposits are younger than the South African rocks used in earlier correlations. The difference could be as much as ten million years.

The new study therefore supports a late Ladinian to Carnian age for the relevant Manda Beds. This has important consequences for interpreting the earliest dinosaur fossils.

Hady George commented:

“This helps confirm that the oldest dinosaur candidates from Tanzania are probably no older than those from South America, refining the timeline of dinosaur origins.”

Rather than demonstrating that dinosaurs had already evolved substantially earlier in Africa, the Tanzanian fossils may be broadly contemporary with early dinosaur evidence from South America.

A Fossil Waiting More Than Sixty Years

The research also demonstrates the enormous scientific importance of museum collections. Some of the material used to describe Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda has been cared for by the Natural History Museum for more than six decades. Indeed, palaeontologist Nigel Larkin first studied the dicynodont skeleton during his MSc at University College London in 1994. At the time, he concluded that it probably represented a species new to science.

However, almost three decades passed before work began to formally describe it.

Nigel Larkin stated:

“Techniques have improved vastly over the last 30 years too – we can do so much more with Micro CT scanning etc to examine such specimens than we ever could have imagined in the 1990s, and international collaboration is so much easier.”

Modern scanning technology allows palaeontologists to examine fossil anatomy in extraordinary detail. Furthermore, researchers can study internal structures without damaging precious specimens.

Dr Mike Day, Curator of Non-Mammalian Tetrapods at the Natural History Museum, highlighted the importance of historic collections.

He added:

“It goes to show how revisiting museum collections can change our understanding of the past just as much as finding new fossils in the field.”

More Dinodontosaurus Fossils to Study

The story of Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda is far from complete. A substantial amount of Tanzanian material still awaits detailed examination. In particular, researchers intend to investigate more of the postcranial skeleton. The scientists plan to compare these bones with Dinodontosaurus fossils from South America. In addition, they hope to investigate the biomechanics of these remarkable herbivores.

This research could reveal how several large dicynodont species shared the same environments and food resources.

More than sixty years after its discovery, an overlooked museum specimen has acquired a unique scientific identity. Moreover, it is helping palaeontologists piece together events near the dawn of the Dinosauria. The description of Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda demonstrates that old fossils can still produce new surprises. In this case, they could even help change our understanding of when the first dinosaurs evolved.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of the University of Bristol in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Craniomandibular osteology of Dinodontosaurus isiyavamanda sp. nov. (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Manda Beds of Tanzania and new support for a younger age for the alleged oldest dinosaurs” by Hady George, Juan A. Escobar, Edmund R.R. Moody, Charles B. Saanane, Michael O. Day and Nigel R. Larkin published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

For museum quality replicas of dicynodonts and other prehistoric creatures: Models of Prehistoric Creatures.

28 09, 2026

Celebrating Early 20th Century Prehistoric Animal Artwork

By Mike|2026-09-28T21:56:46+01:00September 28th, 2026|Categories: Photos|0 Comments

We are living in a golden age of palaeoart, so we are told. At least until AI generated images take over completely. At Everything Dinosaur, we create a great deal of our own content. However, we also do our best to support photographers, artists and other creators. For example, on a recent trip to Germany we spotted some prehistoric animals depicted in a frieze at the entrance to the Berlin Aquarium. One of the extinct creatures featured was a Nothosaurus marine reptile. The Berlin Aquarium building was constructed between 1911 and 1913 (we think). The building’s facades feature many prehistoric animals. They illustrate how scientists envisaged dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures more than a hundred years ago.

Nothosaurus marine reptile relief on display at the Berlin Aquarium.

Nothosaurus adorns the Berlin Aquarium. It forms part of a frieze of prehistoric animals that surrounds the entrance. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

A Nothosaurus Marine Reptile from the Early 20th Century

Nothosaurus was semi-aquatic. It lived during the Triassic, and it was found throughout the ancient Tethys Ocean region from Europe, Asia and North Africa. Numerous species have been erected, and the genus was established in 1834 by the German palaeontologist Count Georg Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm zu Münster. It is likely that the Nothosaurus relief was created to honour the achievements of the Count.

The Nothosaurus marine reptile depicted at the Berlin Aquarium reflects quite accurately what is known about this ancient reptile. For example, the animal has webbed feet, and this mirrors a modern reconstruction.

As for models, sadly, this genus has often been overlooked by model manufacturers. However, Schleich did introduce a replica of Nothosaurus in 2022. It is quite a rare model and sometimes difficult to find.

The new for 2022 Schleich Nothosaurus marine reptile model in lateral view. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of Schleich prehistoric animal models in stock: Schleich Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animal Figures.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“It was wonderful to see the early 20th century relief depicting prehistoric animals at the entrance to the Berlin Aquarium. Nothosaurus was named and described by a German scientist and perhaps the most well-known Nothosaurus figure is the Schleich Nothosaurus. Schleich is based in Germany.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal Models.

27 09, 2026

Amazing Fossil Details Inspire the Everything Dinosaur Evolution Models

By Mike|2026-09-20T09:34:56+01:00September 27th, 2026|Categories: Everything Dinosaur Evolution|0 Comments

Everything Dinosaur has created a new advertisement for issue 159 of “Prehistoric Times” magazine. The full-colour, full-page image features the Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex, but look closely at the display base and there is much more to discover.

Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex advertisement prepared for issue 159 of "Prehistoric Times" magazine.

The full-colour, full-page advertisement scheduled for issue 159 of “Prehistoric Times” magazine. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex – Following the Fossil Evidence

The 1:33 scale Tyrannosaurus rex is supplied with a carefully designed display base representing a dried-up water source in the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek landscape. Even the cracks in the ground have been individually sculpted. Palaeontologists consider the strata associated with the Hell Creek Formation to represent a highly seasonal environment. For example, there was a wet season and an extensive dry season. Water courses would have been affected by this palaeoenvironment. Small ponds and other water sources were ephemeral. However, amongst these details are features directly inspired by the fossil record.

Three-toed theropod tracks have been incorporated into the base. These footprints were modelled using genuine tyrannosaur tracks as a reference. They are not simply decorative additions. Fossil footprints are trace fossils and can provide palaeontologists with valuable evidence about how extinct animals moved and behaved.

Intriguingly, recent research into Tyrannosaurus foot function provides further support for the way the tracks were reconstructed. The deeper impressions associated with the toes rather than the heel are consistent with evidence indicating a more bird-like footfall in Tyrannosaurus.

To read our article about a recently described probable Tyrannosaurus rex trackway in North Dakota: Extraordinary Theropod Trackway from North Dakota.

More Evidence Associated with the Display Base

The attention to detail does not stop with the footprints. A replica coprolite – fossilised dung – has also been incorporated into the display. This feature was based on large coprolites from deposits containing Tyrannosaurus rex fossils.

T. rex tracks on the Everything Dinosaur Evolution display base.

The tracks on the Everything Dinosaur Evolution display base are based on actual prints from the fossil record. The deeper toe area indicates that these tracks reflect the latest research. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the Everything Dinosaur Evolution model range: Everything Dinosaur Evolution Scale Models.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“We wanted the fossil evidence to influence every aspect of our T. rex, not just the dinosaur itself. The tracks, dried lakebed and even the coprolite on the display base help tell the story of a real animal that lived more than 66 million years ago. For us, these details are an important part of bringing palaeontology to life.”

The advertisement prepared for issue 159 of “Prehistoric Times” provides another opportunity to showcase the philosophy behind Everything Dinosaur Evolution. Scientific accuracy extends beyond the dinosaur itself. The landscape, tracks and even the dinosaur dung help tell the story.

For Everything Dinosaur Evolution, following the fossil evidence really does mean following in the footsteps of Tyrannosaurus rex.

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Scale Models of Prehistoric Animals.

26 09, 2026

Remembering Rare CollectA Armoured Dinosaur Models

By Mike|2026-09-20T11:59:04+01:00September 26th, 2026|Categories: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

CollectA armoured dinosaur models are popular with model collectors. Whether it’s a Stegosaurus, Miragaia or the replica of the Australian armoured dinosaur Minmi, there is a lot to admire in this range. Collectors have a wide choice of figures. In addition, CollectA often makes figures of less well-known armoured dinosaurs such as the controversial Wuerhosaurus. The first armoured dinosaur figure the company produced was a Stegosaurus. However, shortly afterwards a model of a Polacanthus (P. foxii) was added to the CollectA Age of Dinosaurs range. Intriguingly, when the Deluxe range was introduced, one of the first models produced was a replica of Hylaeosaurus.

Several of these early CollectA models have been retired. However, Everything Dinosaur still stocks numerous early CollectA models and we are grateful for collector Robert Townsend for sending us a picture of two of these early replicas.

CollectA armoured dinosaur models (Polacanthus and Hylaeosaurus models).

The CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Prehistoric Life Polacanthus (left) and the CollectA Deluxe Hylaeosaurus (right). Picture credit: Robert Townsend.

Picture credit: Robert Townsend

Robert built a detailed diorama, and he populated it with prehistoric animals associated with fossil finds from the UK. For example, Polacanthus foxii is known from the Wessex Formation, whilst Hylaeosaurus fossils are associated with the Grinstead Clay Member. Both these formations are components of the geologically significant Wealden Group.

CollectA recently updated their Polacanthus figure. A 1:20 scale replica was produced that was based on the latest research.

The dermal armour of this member of the Ankylosauria clade has been carefully reconstructed on the figure. The arrangement of the spikes and bosses is largely speculative. However, this CollectA Deluxe 1:20 scale model has been highly praised for its attention to detail.

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe figures: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Deluxe Range.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur thanked Robert for sending in the photograph of the two CollectA armoured dinosaur models and stated:

“A diorama depicting prehistoric animals from the Early Cretaceous was created. Amongst the iguanodontids and theropods, Robert had carefully placed some replicas of armoured dinosaurs. It is a pleasure to see the original CollectA Polacanthus accompanied by the large Hylaeosaurus figure.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Models of Armoured Dinosaurs.

25 09, 2026

Stunning Colossosuchus Gular Shield Recreated on CollectA Model

By Mike|2026-09-25T18:21:02+01:00September 25th, 2026|Categories: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

The recently introduced CollectA Deluxe Colossosuchus techniensis model has some remarkable anatomical details. One feature in particular caught our attention. The underside of the throat has been given extensive armour. This represents the Colossosuchus gular shield. One characteristic feature of phytosaurs was a gular shield. This protective structure consisted of multiple, irregular osteoderms covering the underside of the throat. CollectA has carefully reproduced this distinctive armour on the Colossosuchus techniensis model.

A view of the CollectA Deluxe Colossosuchus gular shield.

Colossosuchus techniensis gular shield. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The CollectA Deluxe range of scale models: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life Figures.

The Colossosuchus Gular Shield

Phytosaurs were heavily armoured reptiles. They superficially resembled modern crocodilians. However, they were not closely related. Rows of osteoderms protected the back, but armour also occurred underneath the body. The new CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale model reflects this feature beautifully.

Large, irregular osteoderms cover the throat region of the replica. Together, these bony plates form a protective gular shield. The word “gular” refers to the throat region. Therefore, the term gular shield describes armour protecting the underside of the neck and throat.

This area could have been particularly vulnerable. Consequently, substantial dermal armour would have provided additional protection.

2026 CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal figures (Colossosuchus).

The CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Colossosuchus model has an articulated lower jaw, and it is supplied with a free Everything Dinosaur Colossosuchus fact sheet. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To read a blog post from 2025 about giant phytosaurs: Remarkable Phytosaur Giants.

An Impressive CollectA Deluxe Colossosuchus Model

Colossosuchus techniensis was formally described in 2023. Fossils come from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India. Moreover, the largest individuals may have exceeded eight metres in length. This makes Colossosuchus one of the largest phytosaurs known to science. The CollectA replica is approximately 21 centimetres long and is in 1:40 scale. It also has a movable jaw.

However, it is the attention paid to smaller anatomical details that makes this figure especially interesting. The carefully sculpted Colossosuchus gular shield is an excellent example.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“There are not too many phytosaur replicas about. We praise CollectA for introducing this figure. There is much to admire with this phytosaur figure. It demonstrates how fossil evidence can be incorporated into a detailed prehistoric animal model.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Museum Quality Models of Prehistoric Animals.

24 09, 2026

New CollectA Models Feature in the Latest Newsletter

By Mike|2026-09-24T15:05:53+01:00September 24th, 2026|Categories: Everything Dinosaur Newsletters|0 Comments

Five new CollectA models feature in Everything Dinosaur’s latest company newsletter. All of the new for 2026 CollectA prehistoric animal figures are now in stock at Everything Dinosaur. The award-winning mail order company sends out newsletters to its subscriber database. These newsletters help keep customers informed about new model introductions and stock arrivals.

Five new CollectA prehistoric animal figures are highlighted in the latest newsletter. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Our newsletter is free. To subscribe, simply contact Everything Dinosaur: Email Everything Dinosaur to Subscribe to the Company Newsletter.

Five New CollectA Models

Hadrosaurs are popular amongst model collectors. The CollectA Deluxe 1:60 scale Magnapaulia is the first model featured. It is a replica of one of the biggest, if not the biggest lambeosaurine hadrosaurs known to science.

The CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia hadrosaur features in the newsletter. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Originally thought to represent a new species of Lambeosaurus, Magnapaulia was erected as a distinct genus and species in 2012 (Prieto-Márquez et al).

CollectA has a wonderful range of prehistoric animal figures. They have been praised for the huge variety of prehistoric animals that are represented. For example, the company recently introduced a replica of the giant phytosaur from India called Colossosuchus techniensis. This phytosaur figure features in our newsletter alongside the beautiful 1:40 scale CollectA Deluxe Lokiceratops.

The phytosaur Colossosuchus and the ceratopsian Lokiceratops in the company newsletter. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal models available: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life Figures.

The extensive range is epitomised by the other two models featured in the newsletter. Firstly, there is a 1:40 scale replica of the giant carcharodontosaurid from Patagonia – Meraxes gigas. This model has an articulated lower jaw. Furthermore, a prehistoric mammal is highlighted in the newsletter. The fifth model is the CollectA Deluxe Sivatherium. It is a fabulous replica of a prehistoric giraffe, perhaps the heaviest ruminant known to science.

Five, new CollectA models – collect them all.

A replica of the giant theropod Meraxes gigas and the prehistoric giraffe Sivatherium also feature in the newsletter. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“It’s a fantastic five! Our congratulations to CollectA for introducing such a diverse range of prehistoric animal models. We are proud to feature them in our company newsletter.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Museum Quality Prehistoric Animal Figures.