Everything Dinosaur Blog - Dinosaur Models

2 05, 2026

What is the Most Scientifically Accurate T. rex Model?

By Mike|2026-04-28T16:30:26+01:00May 2nd, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur Fans|0 Comments

What makes a scientifically accurate T. rex model? It is a question often asked by collectors and enthusiasts. At Everything Dinosaur, we receive emails asking for advice about which Tyrannosaurus model is correct. That is a difficult question as nobody has ever seen a living non-avian dinosaur. However, we try our best to help. It is often a question of stating that the term “correct” is probably not appropriate. Indeed, it might be better to look at the evidence that suggests that the designers have consulted the fossil record.

So, how do we judge accuracy? How do you determine whether a Tyrannosaurus rex is scientifically accurate?

A Papo green running Tyrannosaurus rex model on display next to a replica of a T. rex tooth and a T. rex claw. An exhibit at the Manchester Museum of Natural History. T. rex is ubiquitous, images of the “tyrant lizard king” seem to be everywhere. However, even museum displays may not incorporate an accurate representation of this famous dinosaur. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Starting with the Fossil Record

Tyrannosaurus rex remains one of the most studied theropod dinosaurs. So, when it comes to judging scientific accuracy, several factors come into consideration. Firstly, any reliable figure must reflect the fossil evidence. For example, is the tail in the correct position? Are the forelimbs demonstrating pronation? It is important to assess whether the design team have considered tyrannosaur anatomy and the skeletal proportions.

A classic issue with many T. rex figures (and bipedal dinosaurs generally), is that the feet are often made oversized to ensure the figure is stable. Indeed, the feet of a Tyrannosaurus rex model can be as much as twenty-five percent larger to permit the figure to stand without the need for a support. Modern theropod reconstructions need to portray dynamic, active animals. Hence companies like PNSO provide a clear, plastic support to help their figures stand.

The new for 2023 PNSO Megalosaurus dinosaur model. It was supplied with a support stand to help this anatomically accurate theropod model to stay upright. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Considering Soft Tissue

To a palaeontologist bones only tell part of the story. Dinosaurs were living animals and any prehistoric animal figure should try to convey the impression of a living, breathing animal. For example, a scientifically accurate T. rex model would not show the fenestrae (openings on the skull). Tyrannosaurus models can look too thin; they have an almost “shrink-wrapped” appearance. It is true that T. rex may have lost condition, but it possessed a wide neck, deep chest and broad hips. Scientists study muscle attachment scars on fossil bones. These are then compared with extant animals. Ideally, the design team should include a palaeontologist or at least someone with anatomical knowledge.

Tyrannosaurus rex Integument

It is important to consider the integument and skin texture. Some small fossils of Tyrannosaurus skin are known. These fossils can help with the texture of the figure. Furthermore, while feathers may have been present in juveniles, most adult reconstructions favour a largely scaly appearance. Although it is noted that some parts of the body of an adult T. rex may have had a sparse covering of simple feathers.

Importantly, scale size and distribution should vary. This avoids a uniform, artificial finish. As a result, high-quality models often display intricate detailing across the head and flanks.

Colour remains one of the biggest unknowns. Even so, informed speculation plays a role. Artists often look to modern animals for inspiration. For instance, countershading is common in large animals today. This means a darker upper body and lighter underside. Such a pattern can help with camouflage. Therefore, subtle and naturalistic tones are usually preferred over bold, unrealistic colours. Designers should also consider the palaeoenvironment carefully. For example, T. rex was very probably an ambush predator, therefore, it is important to consider aspects of camouflage and concealment.

Considering Inferred Behaviour and the Presentation for a Scientifically Accurate T. rex Model

Equally important is how the Tyrannosaurus rex is presented. A scientifically grounded model avoids exaggerated, “movie monster” poses. Instead, it should aim to reflect plausible animal behaviour. For example, a calm but alert stance may reflect a real animal at rest. In contrast, overly dramatic roaring poses can misrepresent anatomy. Consequently, many collectors now favour more naturalistic displays.

In recent years, dinosaur model collectors have seen two contrasting trends emerge:

The increase of articulated figures (Creative Beast Studio, Nanmu Studio, PNSO)
The desire to create anatomically accurate figures (Safari Ltd, CollectA, Everything Dinosaur Evolution)

A handful of manufacturers work with palaeontologists and other academics. This collaboration has raised standards across the hobby. Collectors now expect far greater scientific rigour.
For instance, some modern models incorporate detailed research into musculature, integument, and even ecological context. In addition, display bases can provide environmental clues linked to fossil formations.

Setting New Standards in Scientific Accuracy

The Everything Dinosaur Evolution series reflects this shift towards accuracy. This range of figures sets out to produce accurate models shaped by the input of academics, anatomists and leading artists. Each model is developed using current scientific understanding. For example, the 1:33 scale T. rex features carefully considered proportions and posture. Moreover, its design avoids the clichés of cinematic depictions. Instead, it presents a grounded interpretation based on fossil evidence. After all, this dinosaur model has been developed by Everything Dinosaur team members in collaboration with top designer Glen Southern, famous palaeo-reconstruction artist Bob Nicholls and the well-known vertebrate palaeontologist Dr Dean Lomax.

A Long Design and Development Process for a Scientifically Accurate T. rex Model

It took three years to design and develop. Famously, debate on the shape of the toe claws took three weeks. In addition, the paint application follows a complex structured plan. Natural tones and subtle contrasts help create a believable finish. The aim is not spectacle, but authenticity. Every aspect of the colour scheme has been carefully considered.

The Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex model on top of its beautiful box.

The 1:33 scale Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex model on top of its beautiful box. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To learn more about the complicated colour scheme for the Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex model: Explanation of the Painting Plan for Everything Dinosaur Evolution Figure.

Furthermore, even the display base adds context. It has been designed to echo the ancient environment in which T. rex once lived. As a result, the model becomes more than a standalone figure. Indeed, if you are going to try to create a scientifically accurate T. rex model any display needs to be considered.

A view of the Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex display base.

The Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex display base. There is a metal rod to help secure the model to the base. In addition, the base, which represents a dried-up lake contains two tyrannosaur tracks and a pile of dinosaur dung. Both the tracks and dung are based on real fossils. If you are attempting to make a scientifically accurate T. rex model, the display base needs careful consideration too. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Drawing a Conclusion

So, what is the most scientifically accurate T. rex model? The answer depends on how closely a model follows current scientific thinking. It is unlikely that a consensus view will ever be achieved. After all, no one has seen a living Tyrannosaurus rex. In summary, accuracy comes from anatomy, texture, colour, and behaviour working together. Collectors should consider the team behind the model. Do they have the credentials and knowledge to create scientifically accurate prehistoric animal models? As science advances, so too will our reconstructions.

For collectors, this makes the search both exciting and rewarding. However, if we may be so bold, the tremendous feedback from collectors, dinosaur experts, academics and dinosaur model fans makes us extremely proud about our first dinosaur model. We have high expectations for the rest of the Hell Creek series.

Perhaps, we have created a strong contender for the accolade of most scientifically accurate T. rex model. That is, until the next significant fossil discovery or academic paper. So pleased we made an early call about our Everything Dinosaur Evolution Tyrannosaurus rex having lips.

View the Everything Dinosaur Evolution Tyrannosaurus rex: Everything Dinosaur Evolution Dinosaur Model.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“Our figure has earned recognition from many as one of the most scientifically accurate Tyrannosaurus rex models ever produced, and that achievement reflects the dedication of an exceptional team. We worked alongside leading experts in palaeontology, design, and palaeoart, whose knowledge and passion shaped every detail of our first dinosaur model.”

The Everything Dinosaur website: Scientifically Accurate Prehistoric Animal Models.

29 04, 2026

The New CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular Tylosaurus Reviewed

By Mike|2026-04-29T13:26:30+01:00April 29th, 2026|Categories: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular and CollectA Prehistoric Life Models|0 Comments

The new for 2026 CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular Tylosaurus is a most impressive marine reptile model. It shows some accurate details and, in this review, we will highlight some of the figure’s most amazing features. The new CollectA Tylosaurus is rapidly becoming a favourite for fans of Cretaceous marine reptiles.

The CollectA Tylosaurus marine reptile model.

The new for 2026 CollectA Tylosaurus marine reptile model. It is an updated replica of an iconic marine reptile from the Late Cretaceous.

The CollectA Tylosaurus Model

The CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular series welcomes an updated and revised Tylosaurus. We assume it is a replacement for the earlier Tylosaurus model that CollectA introduced more than fifteen years ago. No specific taxon is named, although we at Everything Dinosaur think the model has been based on T. proriger. For example, the front flippers are slightly larger than the rear flippers (see ventral view of model). This is a characteristic of Tylosaurus proriger.

In addition, the front of that long and carefully crafted snout lacks teeth. The tip of the jaws formed an edentulous, elongated rostrum. Palaeontologists have suggested that this functioned as a ram which was used to stun prey, or it could have had a sensory function. Either way this feature has been recreated in the CollectA Tylosaurus figure.

A close-up view of the head of the new CollectA Tylosaurus model.

The edentulous and elongated rostrum is a feature of this new Tylosaurus model. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Reflecting the Association with the Squamata

Mosasaurs are members of the Squamata. It is the largest order of extant reptiles, and it includes lizards and snakes. The affinity with the Squamata is demonstrated in the CollectA figure. For instance, it has a forked tongue and in the roof of the mouth, pterygoid teeth are visible. Here too, we see similarities between this new CollectA model and Tylosaurus proriger. The “U-shaped” arrangement of the pterygoid teeth is broadly reminiscent of the shape and orientation of the pterygoid teeth as hypothesised in a living animal.

In addition, the Tylosaurus has a large throat pouch. These jaws were quite capable of swallowing large chunks of flesh.

The pterygoid teeth are clearly visible in the CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular Tylosaurus figure.

The pterygoid teeth in the CollectA Tylosaurus figure. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the CollectA Tylosaurus and the rest of the CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular range: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular Prehistoric Animal Figures.

Viewing the Glottis and the Hypocercal Tail

A little detail overlooked by other reviewers is that this model has been given a glottis. Tylosaurus breathed air, it did not have gills. The glottis is an opening located at the base of the mouth, acting as a valve for the windpipe. It was likely visible when the mouth was open wide. We at Everything Dinosaur appreciate this attention to detail. In addition, that delicate forked tongue is associated with a tongue sheath – another fantastic anatomical detail.

A close view of the anatomical features seen in the mouth of the CollectA Tylosaurus model.

A view of the mouth of the CollectA Tylosaurus figure with the glottis, forked tongue and tongue sheath highlighted. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

A Jacobson’s Organ

If collectors look carefully at the roof of the mouth, they will see two tiny parallel notches. This is the Jacobson’s organ. Tylosaurus possessed a Jacobson’s organ (vomeronasal organ) located on the roof of its mouth in common with modern snakes and some lizards. It probably had a sensory function being able to detect scent particles in water. It is wonderful to see such details in what is a relatively small and inexpensive Tylosaurus figure.

A Hypocercal Tail

The model has a serpentine feel. The head is orientated in one direction, whilst the tail is orientated in the other. This mimics the postulated method of swimming for this large predator. In addition, the lower lobe of the tail is much larger than the upper lobe. The CollectA Tylosaurus model has a hypocercal tail. Fossils show that caudal vertebrae extended into the lower lobe of the tail, making it larger than the upper lobe. Hence, this new mosasaur model has a hypocercal tail.

CollectA Tylosaurus model (new for 2025).

The new for 2026 CollectA Tylosaurus model. We suspect this marine reptile figure will replace the Age of Dinosaurs Tylosaurus (model number 88320), that first came out around fifteen years ago.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“This fabulous marine reptile figure updates CollectA’s model range. It improves upon their existing Tylosaurus model, and we recommend this new figure. “

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website provides amazing prehistoric animal models: Marine Reptile and Prehistoric Animal Models.

28 04, 2026

Dinosaurs and Blockbuster Movies Inspire a Young Artist

By Mike|2026-04-27T19:10:08+01:00April 28th, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Drawings|0 Comments

Thank you Caldey for sending to Everything Dinosaur your Terminator/T. rex illustration. It combines science-fiction films with a fascination for dinosaurs. It is a wonderful and extremely imaginative illustration. A Terminator/T. rex hybrid with a bright red eye, that is a scary machine!

A Terminator/T. rex illustration by Caldey.

An idea for a new science-fiction dinosaur model. A hybrid of a Terminator unit and Tyrannosaurus rex. It is a frightening concept – a Terminator/T. rex hybrid. Picture credit: Caldey.

Picture credit: Caldey

Drawing a Terminator/T. rex Hybrid Model

It is a brilliant drawing, and we congratulate the young artist for the amazing amount of detail that she has crammed into her illustration. We have posted this illustration on some of our social media platforms, and it has received praise. She has been wanting to put this idea on paper for quite a long time and has now decided to draw it. Drawing inspiration from the “Terminator” movie franchise as well as palaeontology. If such a machine were to be built it would be frightening.

It was explained to Everything Dinosaur that Caldey spent a long time looking at the cyborg endoskeleton and adapting it to suit the skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus rex. The illustration is a clever combination of science-fiction and tyrannosaur anatomy.

We received an intriguing request. Could we pass this illustration onto the model manufacturer Rebor? Perhaps they can make a hybrid model based on Caldey’s design.

The illustration has been passed to Rebor. Thank you Caldey for sending to Everything Dinosaur your Terminator/T. rex hybrid drawing.

27 04, 2026

New Research Challenges Perceptions About Cretaceous Marine Ecosystems

By Mike|2026-04-27T18:40:29+01:00April 27th, 2026|Categories: Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

An international team of researchers have uncovered evidence that ancient octopuses were once giant, apex predators. A study involving scientists from Japan and Germany suggests these early cephalopods were at the top of the food chain during the Cretaceous. A Cretaceous giant octopus preying on mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and other vertebrates is a frightening prospect.

The study was published in the journal “Science” earlier this month. The largest living octopus is the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Its arm span can exceed six metres. However, the octopods revealed in this new research could have reached lengths exceeding nineteen metres (based on mantle size). Octopi are regarded as highly intelligent and capable hunters. Subsequently, much larger animals would have been formidable predators and probably competed with marine vertebrates.

Wear on Fossilised Jaws

Octopi and their close relatives have soft bodies. As a result, they rarely fossilise and the fossil record of octopi is extremely sparse. This makes their evolutionary history difficult to study. For example, we recently published an article that re-examined a famous specimen from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte. For years, scientists believed this fossil represented an early octopus named Pohlsepia mazonensis. However, newly published research revealed evidence of jaws. Consequently, the fossil most probably represents a decaying nautiloid.

To read more about this research: Oldest Octopus Fossil is Not an Octopus Fossil.

Ironically, it is analysis of super-sized fossilised jaws that has led the researchers to conclude that giant octopi were apex predators in Cretaceous marine environments. These feeding structures preserve far more readily than soft tissues. These jaws, sometimes referred to as beaks, are made of chitin. It has a greater fossilisation potential than soft tissue.

Using high-resolution grinding tomography and an artificial intelligence model, the team found fossil jaws hidden inside rock samples from Cretaceous deposits spanning 100 to 72 million years ago. These fossils, found in Japan and Vancouver Island, had been well preserved in calm seafloor sediments, retaining fine wear marks that reveal how these animals fed.

A life reconstruction of the Cretaceous giant octopus. Picture credit: Yohei Utsuki, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University.

Picture credit: Yohei Utsuki, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University

Giant Cephalopod Predators of Cretaceous Marine Environments

The fossil jaws have been assigned to two species, following a revision of known Cretaceous specimens. The two species are:

- Nanaimoteuthis jeletzkyi
- Nanaimoteuthis haggarti

The remains have been placed in an extinct group of finned octopi known as Cirrata. By analysing jaw size, shape and wear the team reconstructed their feeding habits. Furthermore, the wear patterns revealed powerful biting forces. The researchers concluded that these animals actively hunted and crushed hard prey. Therefore, they were not passive feeders. Instead, they were powerful predators in the North Pacific Ocean during the age of dinosaurs.

Co-author of the study, Professor Yasuhiro Iba (Hokkaido University) commented:

“Our findings suggest that the earliest octopuses were gigantic predators that occupied the top of the marine food chain in the Cretaceous. Based on exceptionally well-preserved fossil jaws, we show that these animals reached total lengths of up to nearly twenty metres, which may have surpassed the size of large marine reptiles of the same age.”

Evidence of Feeding on Hard Body Parts (Shells and Skeletons)

Careful analysis of the jaws revealed extensive wear. For example, the team identified scratches, chips and cracking. These features indicate repeated, forceful biting. Furthermore, the tips of the beaks were extensively damaged. Up to ten percent of the jaw tip had been worn away. The researchers concluded that this damage was not caused by transport induced abrasion. For example, the remains of the jaws being rolled by water currents along the seabed. The level of damage exceeds that seen in modern cephalopod beaks. As a result, the team inferred an aggressive feeding strategy. Moreover, it suggests these cephalopods regularly tackled hard-bodied prey.

Giant Cretaceous octopus potentially an apex predator.

The scientists suggest that cephalopods may have been apex predators in the North Pacific Ocean during the Cretaceous. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur (AI assisted).

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur (AI assisted)

The picture (above) shows a hypothesised relationship between predatory vertebrates and the giant Cretaceous octopus. The mosasaur, plesiosaur and the Xiphactinus figure are from the CollectA range of figures. Whereas the Cretoxyrhina illustration is based on the PNSO model.

To view the CollectA Prehistoric Life Age of Dinosaurs range: CollectA Prehistoric Life Models.

To view the CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal models: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Figures.

PNSO prehistoric animal figures: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs.

An Intelligent Giant Cretaceous Octopus

Intriguingly, the fossils reveal uneven wear on the jaws. One side shows more damage than the other side. This suggests that these octopi might have favoured one side of the jaw when feeding. Asymmetric wear patterns indicate lateralised behaviour, the animal clearly favouring one side of the jaw over the other. Subsequently, the researchers conclude that these octopi were intelligent. In extant animals, lateralised behaviour is linked to advanced brain function. Therefore, a giant Cretaceous octopus may have displayed complex behaviours. Perhaps, they were smart enough to catch a plesiosaur.

The Kraken

The mythical Kraken was feared by sailors for centuries. Whilst some extant cephalopods such as the colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) can reach lengths of more than ten metres, these Cretaceous giants might have been twice as long. As a result, during the Cretaceous some invertebrates may have occupied apex predator roles. This new study proposes that giant octopi may have competed directly with large vertebrate predators. It makes them a rare example of an invertebrate successfully competing with large vertebrate predators. Furthermore, it provides a tantalising insight into Cretaceous marine environments.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from Hokkaido University in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Earliest octopuses were giant top predators in Cretaceous oceans” by Shin Ikegami, Jörg Mutterlose, Kanta Sugiura, Yusuke Takeda, Mehmet Oguz Derin, Aya Kubota, Kazuki Tainaka, Takahiro Harada, Harufumi Nishida, and Yasuhiro Iba published in the journal Science.

26 04, 2026

Herbivorous Lanzhousaurus – Why Did It Have Enormous Teeth?

By Mike|2026-04-26T11:20:11+01:00April 26th, 2026|Categories: Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

The Early Cretaceous ornithopod Lanzhousaurus magnidens described in 2005 (You, Ji and Li) has remarkable dentition. It had some of the largest plant-eating teeth known to science. However, unlike its relatives, it had relatively few teeth in its metre-long jaws. This unusual Chinese dinosaur puzzles palaeontologists. Why did L. magnidens evolve such enormous teeth?

Team members research and write fact sheets. These data sheets are sent out with sales of prehistoric animal figures. A Lanzhousaurus fact sheet had been prepared in time for the arrival of the new PNSO Lanqi the Lanzhousaurus model. Our fact sheet on Lanzhousaurus highlights the unusual dentition.

PNSO Lanqi the Lanzhousaurus dinosaur model.

PNSO Lanqi the Lanzhousaurus (L. magnidens) dinosaur model which is new for 2026. This ornithopod was formally named and described in 2005.

The image (above) is that of the new PNSO Lanzhousaurus model. Everything Dinosaur team members have researched this ornithopod as they prepare to receive the models into stock.

To view the range of PNSO models available to Everything Dinosaur: PNSO Prehistoric Animal Models.

A Curious Ornithopod from Gansu Province

Lanzhousaurus fossils were unearthed in Gansu Province, north-western China. During the Early Cretaceous, ornithopod dinosaurs were diversifying rapidly. Unlike its near relatives, this herbivore followed a different evolutionary path. The fossilised teeth of Lanzhousaurus are robust and built to withstand heavy stresses. In addition, they are huge, with some examples over 10 cm long. Moreover, they had far fewer teeth compared to iguanodontids and advanced hadrosaurids. This suggests a different feeding strategy. Instead of grinding plant material with many small teeth, Lanzhousaurus magnidens likely relied on powerful biting.

An illustration of Lanzhousaurus. It will be used in a free fact sheet that will be sent out with the new PNSO Lanzhousaurus dinosaur model. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Small numbers of large teeth in the jaw suggest that this plant-eating dinosaur may have processed food by crushing and slicing. Large teeth usually indicate strong bite forces.

This evolutionary approach offers several advantages. For instance, exceptionally large teeth:

Resist wear under heavy loads.
Handle tougher vegetation.
Require less complex replacement systems.

Perhaps this dinosaur functioned like a heavy-duty plant processor. Our fact sheet discusses the strange dentition. The palaeoenvironment of Early Cretaceous China included fibrous plants. For example, there were numerous species of conifers and tough cycads. Consequently, Lanzhousaurus magnidens may have specialised in eating these harder food resources. Its teeth would have been ideal for stripping branches, crushing plant stems and breaking down fibrous plants.

In contrast, later hadrosaurids evolved dental batteries to finely grind plant material. These dental batteries were extremely efficient at processing vegetation.

Duck-billed dinosaur on display. An Edmontosaurus a member of the Saurolophinae subfamily of the Hadrosauridae with its very efficient jaws and dental battery. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Why No Dental Battery?

Dental batteries evolved later in hadrosaurid dinosaurs. These systems required complex jaw mechanics and continuous tooth replacement. However, Lanzhousaurus magnidens represents an earlier stage in evolution. Its dentition had not yet developed into a full battery system. Instead, its jaw morphology demonstrates a different solution to herbivory. Evolution does not follow a single path. In this case, large teeth replaced the need for many smaller ones.

Furthermore, Lanzhousaurus may have occupied a unique ecological niche. By feeding on tougher plants, it avoided direct competition with other herbivores. A scientific concept known as niche-partitioning. This type of niche partitioning is common in dinosaur ecosystems. It allows multiple species to coexist in the same environment. Therefore, its unusual teeth may reflect both diet and competition.

Ultimately, Lanzhousaurus magnidens represents an evolutionary experiment. Ornithopods explored several feeding strategies before dental batteries became dominant.

Later hadrosaurids proved highly successful with their grinding teeth. However, Lanzhousaurus magnidens shows that alternative strategies also worked. Perhaps more fossils of ornithopods with bizarre, super-sized teeth will be found in the future.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“We enjoyed researching Lanzhousaurus. Its unusual adaptations make it stand out amongst the Ornithopoda. Moreover, it gave us the opportunity to discuss the unusual dentition in our free fact sheet.”

Our multi-award-winning website: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Figures.

25 04, 2026

New Study Indicates Promiscuity and Parental Behaviour in Birds Driven by Demographics – Did Similar Processes Shape the Behaviour of Dinosaurs?

By Mike|2026-04-25T06:43:54+01:00April 25th, 2026|Categories: Animal News Stories|0 Comments

A recent study published in “Nature Communications” is challenging how scientists interpret animal behaviour. Furthermore, as the study focused on birds, it may have implications for the Dinosauria. The research shows that population demographics drive mating systems and parental care in birds. Behaviour does not create population imbalance. Instead, population imbalance shapes behaviour.

The study’s conclusions could have wide implications. Birds are archosaurs. They are members of the Dinosauria. Therefore, their biology offers valuable clues about their extinct relatives such as Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus rex.

Population Demographics

An international team including Tamás Székely (Milner Centre for Evolution at the University of Bath), examined 261 bird species. They analysed adult sex ratios, mating systems, and parental care. A clear pattern emerged. Sex ratios are shaped by survival differences, not behaviour. Males and females hatch in similar numbers. However, they do not survive equally. Some mature more slowly. Others face higher mortality risks. As a result, adult populations become skewed. This imbalance then drives behaviour. The rarer sex tends to mate with multiple partners. Meanwhile, the more common sex competes more intensely.

If such factors were at work in the Dinosauria, it might explain the evolution of ornate frills in the Ceratopsia for example.

A close-up view of the asymmetrical of the CollectA Deluxe Lokiceratops model.

Close-up view of the asymmetrical frill of the CollectA Deluxe Lokiceratops model. A study suggests that population demographics drive mating systems and parental care in birds. Could the same evolutionary dynamics have played out in the Dinosauria?

Behavioural Consequences

These demographic shifts have striking effects. For instance, parental care in birds often becomes uneven. One parent may invest heavily in raising offspring. The other may seek additional mates.
Moreover, sexual selection intensifies. The more common sex evolves exaggerated traits. These include bright colours, large size, or elaborate displays. For example, the ornate, colourful but cumbersome tail of male peacocks.

Another example is the Great Bustard (Otis tarda). Males mature slowly, which reduces their numbers in the breeding population. Consequently, the species shows a strong female bias. This imbalance drives extreme behaviour. Males grow much larger than females and compete for mates. Females, in contrast, handle all nesting and chick care.

Sexual selection and parental care in birds and implications for the Dinosauria.

The Great Bustard (Otis tarda) which is found in north Africa and southern Europe. Polygamous birds such as the Great Bustard typically have more females than males in their population. Picture credit: Oliver Kruger.

Picture credit: Oliver Kruger

A Dinosaur Perspective

This research raises important questions. For instance, did similar processes shape the behaviour of extinct, non-avian dinosaurs? Direct evidence is rare. However, palaeontologists can look for indirect signals. These include growth patterns, display structures, and nesting behaviour. For example, some dinosaurs show delayed maturation. Bone studies of some theropods suggest individuals grew at different rates. If one sex matured later, it could reduce its breeding presence. This would create a skewed adult sex ratio, similar to modern birds.

Signals of Sexual Selection

Many dinosaurs evolved striking physical features. These may reflect competition driven by demographic imbalance. Lambeosaurines evolved elaborate crests. Hadrosaurs once thought to lack crests such as Edmontosaurus are now known to have sported soft crests, similar to the combs seen on some birds.

A close-up view of the new Edmontosaurus dinosaur model with its soft comb-like crest.

Likewise, horns in ceratopsians may have played a role in mate competition. If one sex outnumbered the other, competition would intensify. Over time, this pressure could produce exaggerated ornaments, just as seen in birds.

Clues from Parental Care in Birds and Fossilised Nests

Research examining parental care in birds can offer further insight. In addition, the fossils of non-avian dinosaurs could yield intriguing evidence. Nests of oviraptorosaurs and other theropods have been extensively studied. Their nesting behaviour closely resembles that of many modern birds. Some studies suggest that brooding individuals may have been males. If correct, this indicates shared or male-dominated parental care. Such patterns of behaviour could arise from skewed sex ratios in the population.

To read a related article examining research into theropod dinosaur nesting behaviour: Oviraptorosaurian Incubation and Nesting Behaviour.

Is it Time to Interpret the Fossil Record Differently?

Importantly, fossil evidence for sex ratios in the non-avian dinosaurs remains limited. Males and females are often difficult to distinguish. Soft tissues rarely fossilise. As a result, direct demographic data are scarce. However, this new study provides a fresh framework. It suggests that survival differences shape population structure first. Behaviour then evolves in response.

This perspective changes how we interpret dinosaur biology. Features such as crests, horns, and size differences may not just signal display. They may also reflect deeper demographic patterns.
In short, the study highlights a powerful idea. Numbers matter. If one sex consistently dies younger or matures later, it reshapes behaviour across generations.

Birds offer a living window into dinosaur evolution. By studying them, scientists can better understand the lives of long-extinct species.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from the University of Bath in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Demographic causes and social consequences of adult sex ratio variation” by Zitan Song, András Liker, Yang Liu, Robert P. Freckleton and Tamás Székely published in Nature Communications.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Scientifically Accurate Prehistoric Animal Models.

24 04, 2026

New Herbivorous Dinos Toob in Stock

By Mike|2026-04-24T15:44:45+01:00April 24th, 2026|Categories: Wild Safari Prehistoric World|0 Comments

The Herbivorous Dinos Toob is now in stock. This is a set of eleven plant-eating dinosaur models. They are extremely colourful figures. Furthermore, since approximately seventy-five percent of all the known Dinosauria were herbivorous, it is great to see more of these dinosaurs in the spotlight. Each dinosaur has been carefully painted.

Sets of Herbivorous Dinos toob in the packing room.

Some of the Herbivorous Dinos Toob sets in the packing room. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of Safari Ltd prehistoric animal models available: Safari Ltd. Wild Safari Prehistoric World Models.

The Herbivorous Dinos Toob

The eleven figures highlight the diversity of herbivorous dinosaurs. The set includes well-known dinosaurs as well as some of the more unusual plant-eaters. Furthermore, the armoured dinosaurs, the Thyreophora are represented. Indeed, four of the figures are thyreophoran dinosaurs.

The eleven colourful models are supplied with their own carry case.

These attractive figures range in size. The largest figures are just under ten centimetres in length. They are wonderful figures and ideal for creative play. The majority of the models represent dinosaurs that lived during the Cretaceous.

Can you name them all?

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“This set helps to educate young people about the diets of different types of dinosaurs. In addition, it highlights the variety and diversity of plant-eating dinosaurs. It is a colourful and decorative set of herbivorous dinosaur models. Love the spiral arrangement on the horned dinosaur’s headshield.”

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal Models.

23 04, 2026

Happy St George’s Day – There Be Dragons

By Mike|2026-04-23T22:14:45+01:00April 23rd, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur Fans|0 Comments

Every year on St George’s Day, stories of bravery and legend are remembered. The tale of Saint George defeating a fearsome dragon has endured for centuries. It remains one of the most iconic myths in British culture. All right, St George was not English, but he has become the patron saint of England. His origin story is somewhat overlooked. As with St George, the origin of stories about ancient dragons is often overlooked too. However, dinosaur fossil bones could have inspired tales of fantastical beasts. Arguably, the most famous dinosaur is Tyrannosaurus rex. A fearsome opponent for any knight. Let’s discuss T. rex on St George’s Day.

Today, we can explore ideas linking dinosaurs and dragons through science. Even better, we can hold a “dragon” in our hands, thanks to the plethora of quality dinosaur models available.

From Myth to Science

For generations, dragons captured human imagination. They appeared in folklore as giant, reptilian beasts. Often, they guarded treasure, attacked maidens or terrorised villages. Interestingly, early fossil discoveries may have influenced these myths. Large bones, unearthed without explanation, could easily be mistaken for dragons. Today, we recognise these remains as dinosaurs.

A diagram of a T. rex skull with the fenestrae in the top half of the skull labelled. Could fossil finds of huge teeth and jaws helped to popularise stories about dragons. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

As a result, the link between dragons and dinosaurs feels natural. For instance, the dragon myth is particularly strong in China. Dinosaur fossils have been found in many parts of China.

“There Be Dragons” – Or Are There?

The phrase “there be dragons” once marked unknown territories on maps. It warned of danger and mystery. Now, it takes on a new meaning. With modern palaeontology, the unknown becomes known. Dinosaurs are no longer creatures of myth. They are grounded in evidence, research, and scientific reconstruction. Moreover, something like 1300 different genera have been described.

This is where the Everything Dinosaur Evolution Series comes in.

A Tyrant King Reflecting the Fossil Record

The 1:33 scale Everything Dinosaur Evolution Series Tyrannosaurus rex model represents cutting-edge design. It reflects the latest scientific thinking. Furthermore, it was designed and developed in the UK. Every detail matters. The posture, proportions, and musculature are carefully considered. Palaeontologist Dr Dean Lomax, designer Glen Southern and palaeo-reconstruction artist Bob Nicholls collaborated to ensure accuracy. As a result, this model stands among the most scientifically credible reconstructions available.

Place the packaging in front of you. Then consider the phrase: “there be dragons”. This is state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly packaging for a most modern interpretation of a Tyrannosaurus. It is not fantasy. It is science brought to life.

Celebrating a British T. rex on St George’s Day. The packaging for the Everything Dinosaur Evolution 1:33 scale T. rex model – “there be dragons”. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of Everything Dinosaur Evolution models in stock: The Everything Dinosaur Evolution Models.

Celebrating British Innovation

St George’s Day is also a celebration of heritage. Therefore, it is fitting to highlight our scientifically accurate dinosaur model designed and developed in the UK. Our T. rex reflects collaboration between artists, scientists, and designers. Together, they have created something special. It bridges the gap between education and imagination. The quality “British Racing Green” packaging celebrates British design.

Dinosaurs Still Inspire

Dinosaurs continue to capture attention. They spark curiosity in both children and adults. In many ways, they have replaced dragons as the ultimate creatures of wonder. Yet, the strong connection remains. When we look at a Tyrannosaurus rex model, we see echoes of ancient legends. The difference is clear. Today, our understanding is rooted in scientific evidence.

Unbox history! The Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex model is the first dinosaur model to have a digital product passport. In addition, the plan is to remove single use plastic bags from the packaging. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Our model is a model dragon for England’s patron saint. It is a T. rex on St George’s Day.

So, on April the 23rd, why not celebrate both myth and science? The legend of dragon-slaying lives on. At the same time, palaeontology reveals the true giants of the past.

“There be dragons” may no longer mark the unknown. Instead, it marks discovery. It invites us to explore, learn, and imagine. Indeed, sometimes, it reminds us that the real dragons were even more astonishing than the myths.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

22 04, 2026

New CollectA Prehistoric Animal Models in Stock

By Mike|2026-04-22T18:55:02+01:00April 22nd, 2026|Categories: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

Four new CollectA models are in stock at Everything Dinosaur. They are three dinosaurs and a marine reptile figure. We are busy updating and informing customers about their arrival. They are the first of the new for 2026 CollectA prehistoric animal models to reach our warehouse.

CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Meraxes gigas.
CollectA Deluxe 1:60 scale Magnapaulia model.
Age of Dinosaurs Popular Tylosaurus.
CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Lokiceratops.

The four new CollectA prehistoric animal models. The 1:40 scale Meraxes gigas (top), the 1:60 scale Magnapaulia figure, the Age of Dinosaurs Prehistoric Life Tylosaurus and (bottom) the new CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Lokiceratops. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe figures available: CollectA Scale Prehistoric Animal Models.

Four New CollectA Models

The Tylosaurus is the only figure which is not to scale. Furthermore, it is a replacement for the earlier CollectA Tylosaurus model which is now likely to be retired. The Meraxes gigas model has an articulated jaw. In addition, it sports the reduced forelimbs which are a characteristic of this taxon. It is a splendid theropod figure. Lokiceratops is a welcome addition to CollectA’s range of horned dinosaur figures. This centrosaurine, famed for its asymmetrical headshield was formally described just two years ago (2024). Subsequently, the design team at CollectA have moved quickly to develop this ceratopsian replica.

A view of the dramatic headshield of the CollectA Lokiceratops model. The frill itself was asymmetrical. This unusual feature suggests that horned dinosaurs had more variety in their ornamentation than scientists previously thought.

Finally, the last of the four new CollectA models is a remarkable Magnapaulia. It is a model of perhaps the largest lambeosaurine dinosaur known to science. Its fossils come from the El Gallo Formation of northwestern Mexico.

The CollectA Magnapaulia model, a replica of the giant lambeosaurine dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous El Gallo Formation.

It is a 1:60 scale replica with a dazzling head crest. Moreover, CollectA have given their Magnapaulia figure a bright red throat wattle.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“Four new prehistoric animal figures to choose from. Or you might want to acquire all four. They are certainly an impressive quartet.”

To view the CollectA Age of Dinosaurs range: CollectA Prehistoric Life/Age of Dinosaurs.

21 04, 2026

A Dazzling and Vibrant Deinocheirus Illustration

By Mike|2026-04-21T15:55:49+01:00April 21st, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Drawings|0 Comments

At Everything Dinosaur, we are always thrilled to receive new artwork. Recently, Caldey shared a truly colourful Deinocheirus illustration that immediately caught our attention. Her drawing focuses on the head of this remarkable dinosaur, and it is full of life, movement, and imagination.

Caldey chose her own colour palette, and the results are stunning. She combined vibrant purple and red tones with softer browns and touches of grey. As a result, the illustration feels both striking and balanced. It is a unique interpretation of this giant ornithomimosaur.

A colourful Deinocheirus drawing. Picture credit: Caldey.

Picture credit: Caldey

Interestingly, these bold colours bring to mind modern waterbirds. Many species, such as ducks, geese, kingfishers and waders display vivid plumage. Therefore, Caldey’s artistic choices feel both creative and grounded in the natural world.

Moreover, the composition tells a story. Water plants have been pulled from the lakebed. The hungry dinosaur feeds whilst droplets scatter in the background. Consequently, the scene feels dynamic and alive.

The Curious Case of Deinocheirus

The dinosaur Deinocheirus remains one of the most unusual theropods known to science. For decades, palaeontologists only knew it from enormous fossilised arms. However, more complete fossils later revealed a very different animal. For example, Deinocheirus had a broad, duck-like snout and a deep body. Evidence also suggests it had feathers, which adds to its visual appeal.

Importantly, many scientists think Deinocheirus lived in wetland environments. It may have waded through shallow water, feeding on aquatic plants and small animals. Therefore, Caldey’s depiction of swampy vegetation and water droplets is both imaginative and scientifically plausible.

A Colourful Deinocheirus Illustration Full of Storytelling

This colourful Deinocheirus illustration stands out because it combines creativity with observation. The bright tones capture attention and draw the eye. The clever light effect gives the impression that the dinosaur is staring back at you. Furthermore, the expressive eye and careful shading bring the head to life. These elements help transform a simple drawing into a vivid prehistoric scene.

We are always delighted to see young artists explore prehistoric themes. Artwork like this helps build confidence and curiosity. It also encourages a deeper interest in palaeontology and the Earth sciences.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“Thank you, Caldey, for your amazing Deinocheirus illustration. Sue and I are impressed with your bold colour choices and the story you have created. Your dinosaur is full of life and imagination.”

Dinosaur Art Inspires

Dinosaur art and prehistoric animal illustrations plays an important role in science communication. They help bridge the gap between fossils and living animals. In addition, colourful interpretations make extinct creatures feel real and relatable. A well-crafted colourful Deinocheirus illustration does exactly that. It invites us to imagine how these fascinating animals once lived.

Finally, we would like to thank Caldey again for sharing her wonderful work. We look forward to seeing more of her fantastic creations in the future.