Everything Dinosaur Blog - Dinosaur Models

29 08, 2026

What Scale are Dinosaur Models?

By Mike|2026-08-20T16:29:46+01:00August 29th, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur Fans|0 Comments

A question we get frequently asked is what scale are dinosaur models? When considering model aircraft, trains or cars this is a relatively simple question to answer. For example, collectors can acquire a scale model of RMS Titanic. Any declared scale is likely to be accurate as the dimensions of this ocean liner are known. Similarly, model train enthusiasts have clearly defined scales to help support their hobby. The famous HO scale is 1:87, that is the model is eight-seven times smaller than the actual train that it represents.

However, when it comes to creating a scale model of an extinct animal, that is more of a challenge. Particularly, when you consider that the fossil record for that animal may be far from complete.

When it comes to deciding what scale are dinosaur models, Haolonggood tend to declare a scale of 1:35.

Haolonggood tend to declare a scale of 1:35 for their dinosaur models. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

What Scale Are Dinosaur Models?

Dinosaur models are produced in many different scales. However, some scales are more common than others. Scale describes the relationship between the size of a model and the estimated size of the actual prehistoric animal. For example, a 1:40 scale dinosaur model is forty times smaller than the dinosaur it represents. A 1:35 scale model would be approximately thirty-five times smaller than the actual dinosaur.

The CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Fukuisaurus dinosaur model. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture (above) shows the 1:40 scale CollectA Deluxe Fukuisaurus dinosaur model. It is a replica of an Early Cretaceous ornithopod from Japan. The figure measures around fourteen centimetres long. Every centimetre of model length, equates to forty centimetres in the adult dinosaur. However, like many declared scales, whether a 1:40 declared scale for Fukuisaurus is accurate remains open to debate.

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe scale prehistoric animal models: CollectA Deluxe Scale Prehistoric Animal Figures.

Popular Dinosaur Model Scales

If a manufacturer declares a scale for a model, then this scale tends to be reflected across their model range. This makes sense if dinosaur figures are going to be displayed together. For example, Rebor tends to use 1:35 scale along with Haolonggood. CollectA Deluxe dinosaur models are usually in 1:40 scale. A general rule is that the higher the scale number, the smaller the actual figure.

For example, the Creative Beast Studio Allosaurus figure in 1:18 scale is much larger than the 1:35 scale Allosaurus. In the picture (below) the 1:18 scale Allosaurus jimmadseni model in the Cyberzoic range is compared to the much smaller Beasts of the Mesozoic Allosaurus fragilis figure at 1/35th scale. The Allosaurus jimmadseni is much larger than the Allosaurus fragilis because it is at a different scale.

Allosaurus scale models compared. The larger 1:18 scale Allosaurus jimmadseni figure (top) and the smaller 1:35 scale Allosaurus fragilis figure (bottom). Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Scale sizes, such as 1:20, are often used for smaller dinosaurs. However, small in terms of the Dinosauria is relative. Take for example Polacanthus. CollectA produced a stunning 1:20 scale figure of this armoured dinosaur, the model is nearly twenty-eight centimetres long. After all, Polacanthus foxii could have measured more than five metres in length. However, this species is known from extremely fragmentary material. Fossils previously assigned to Polacanthus have been reassigned to different genera. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to estimate the size of an adult Polacanthus.

CollectA Deluxe Polacanthus model in dorsal view.

A prototype CollectA Deluxe Polacanthus figure photographed in dorsal view to show the detailed armour. This model has a declared scale of 1:20. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The Concept of Indeterminate Growth

Assigning a precise scale is not always straightforward. Palaeontologists may disagree about the adult size of an extinct animal. Furthermore, many dinosaur species are known from incomplete skeletons or extremely fragmentary remains. Many taxa are represented by juveniles or sub-adults. It is difficult to determine the size of the fully-grown, mature animal.

Scientists can estimate missing bones by studying related animals. However, these calculations inevitably involve some uncertainty. New fossil discoveries can also lead to revised body-length estimates. Often palaeontologists have to apply a “shrink ray”. Dinosaur sizes may have been overestimated in the past, leading to revision once more fossil material has been found or a more detailed assessment using modern technology made. After all, when Dr Gideon Mantell described Iguanodon from its teeth, he estimated that the actual animal was between sixty and a hundred feet in length.

Dinosaurs were subject to indeterminate growth. Put simply, for as long as a dinosaur lived it got a little bigger each year. We know that dinosaurs had growth spurts, but when fully-grown and mature dinosaurs still continued to grow, albeit much more slowly. Consequently, the stated scale of a dinosaur model should sometimes be regarded as approximate.

The Dinosauria Consists of Animals of Different Sizes

Scale can help collectors appreciate the huge differences in dinosaur body size. A small dromaeosaurid displayed beside a similarly scaled sauropod provides a dramatic comparison. However, it is worth remembering that dinosaurs varied in size enormously. For example, the smallest theropod known is the tiny, extant Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae). Females are slightly larger than males but rarely exceed six and half centimetres in length. Giganotosaurus carolinii, is regarded as the largest theropod known to science. When the skull of a large carcharodontosaurid dinosaur is compared to an adult Bee Hummingbird, then the immense difference in size can be visualised.

Theropod size comparison. The skull of the carcharodontosaurid Mapusaurus roseae compared to a Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae). Considering the variation in the Theropoda, it can be a challenge to answer the question what scale are dinosaur models? Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Not Every Dinosaur Model is Designed to a Specific Scale

However, not every dinosaur figure is designed to a specific scale. Some replicas are created at a convenient size for display or for imaginative play. For instance, Papo and Schleich do not usually declare a scale for their dinosaurs.

So, what scale are dinosaur models? There is no single answer. Scales such as 1:20, 1:35 and 1:40 are popular, but the scale chosen depends on the animal, the manufacturer and the purpose of the model. At Everything Dinosaur, we have opted for a 1:33 scale for our award-winning Everything Dinosaur Evolution range. This makes these models impressive display pieces. The important point to remember with our Hell Creek figures is that all four of the models should be in 1:33 scale. After all, we want collectors to be able to feel confident about displaying them together.

Commenting on the challenge of scaling dinosaur models, Mike from Everything Dinosaur stated:

“Some collectors get obsessed with the scale for dinosaur figures. Sue and I are asked frequently about this subject. We try our best to provide objectivity and assist where we can. However, for many dinosaurs, even famous ones, we don’t actually know just how big they could grow.”

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur shop: Scale Models of Dinosaurs.

28 08, 2026

Remarkable New Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Galleries Open to Visitors

By Mike|2026-08-22T16:08:32+01:00August 28th, 2026|Categories: Animal News Stories|0 Comments

Two remarkable Museum für Naturkunde Berlin galleries are being opened to visitors for the first time. The new “Mammal Skulls” and “Deer and Horned Animals” galleries will welcome members of the public during the Long Night of Museums event on Saturday 29th of August.

Until now, these collections have been reserved exclusively for researchers. Their opening represents an important milestone in the continuing development of the Museum für Naturkunde. These two, new galleries will initially only be accessible as part of a guided tour.

Opening Natural History Research Collections to the Public

The two galleries were created with funding from the Future Plan. They provide access to important scientific collections, but their purpose extends beyond displaying natural history specimens. Both galleries explore the history and provenance of objects within the collections. In addition, they demonstrate how specimens can be interpreted from different scientific, historical and cultural perspectives. The media displays were developed through an international co-curation programme. Nine co-curators from Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Togo, Cameroon, Kenya, Namibia and Egypt participated.

The layout of the two galleries reflect the Museum’s on-going commitment to work responsibly with specimens and objects originating from former colonial territories.

A comprehensive guide to recognising the colonial heritage of many of the specimens in the collection has recently been published.

To read more about this work: Colonial Natural History Collections Receive New Guidelines.

Working with natural science and humanities researchers at the museum, the co-curators helped bring together scientific findings, local knowledge systems, cultural experiences and historical perspectives.

Prof. Johannes Vogel, Director-General of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, explained:

“Natural history collections are far more than archives of biological diversity – they are repositories of knowledge about the relationships between humans and nature and, at the same time, testimonies to their era. With the opening of the new galleries, we are highlighting where research takes place and inviting visitors to critically examine the history of the objects, which is also part of our own history.”

New Museum für Naturkunde Berlin galleries including the "Deer and Horned Animals" gallery.

The new “Deer and Horned Animals” gallery at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. Picture credit: Verena Brüning.

Picture credit: Verena Brüning

New Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Galleries Including “Deer and Horned Animals”

The “Deer and Horned Animals” research collection contains approximately 8,500 sets of antlers and horns. These specimens document the diversity of cervids and other horned animals. Importantly, historical specimens can provide valuable information for modern biodiversity research. Collections assembled many decades ago can help scientists investigate geographical variation and changes in animal populations over time.

However, the gallery also examines how the collection was assembled. It highlights the influence of colonial collecting practices and political power structures and encourages visitors to consider the provenance and history of individual objects.

An Important Collection of Mammal Skulls

The museum’s mammal collection is one of the most significant of its kind in the world. It contains approximately 150,000 objects, including around 66,500 skulls. Many specimens originate from Africa and were brought to Berlin through colonial networks around the beginning of the 20th century.

Selected specimens have now been reinterpreted in collaboration with experts from their countries of origin. The displays include skulls from elephants, lions, manatees and jackals.

Alongside their zoological importance, the exhibits explore the cultural and spiritual significance associated with some of these animals. Visitors can also learn more about how particular specimens travelled from their places of origin to Europe.

Consequently, the gallery provides an opportunity to examine both the scientific importance of natural history collections and the historical circumstances surrounding their formation.

Elephant skulls on display in the new “Mammal Skulls” gallery. Picture credit: Verena Brüning.

Picture credit: Verena Brüning

Examining the History of Museum Collections

The new galleries form part of a wider initiative at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin to examine its responsibilities concerning specimens and objects acquired within colonial contexts. The approach demonstrates how natural history museums can preserve and study scientifically important specimens while simultaneously investigating and communicating their history and provenance.

Guided Tours Begin on Saturday 29th of August

The new Museum für Naturkunde Berlin galleries can currently only be visited as part of a guided tour. The first tours will take place during the Long Night of Museums event on Saturday 29th of August (2026). Tickets for the guided tours are available free of charge from the information desk in the Dinosaur Hall. However, tickets are subject to availability and will be distributed whilst stocks last.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur welcomed the opening of these new galleries and stated:

“For visitors interested in zoology, biodiversity research and the history of natural history collecting, the opening of these galleries provides a rare opportunity to explore collections that, until now, have remained the preserve of researchers.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal and Dinosaur Models.

27 08, 2026

Remarkable Carboniferous Coelacanth Fossil Discovery in Yorkshire

By Mike|2026-08-29T11:21:57+01:00August 27th, 2026|Categories: Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

A remarkable Roundhay Park coelacanth fossil has been discovered in Leeds. The fossil is around 320 million years old. It dates from the Carboniferous. Furthermore, experts believe it represents the oldest fossil coelacanth yet found in Yorkshire. Geologist Ru Smith of the Yorkshire Geological Society made the discovery earlier this year. He found a well-preserved skull bone during a reconnaissance walk in Roundhay Park.

Smith was preparing for a planned geological field excursion when he spotted the unusual fossil.

The important specimen has now been donated to Leeds Museums and Galleries. It will form part of the extensive natural sciences collection housed at Leeds Discovery Centre.

A close view of the fossilised skull of the coelacanth.

A close view of the skull of a Carboniferous coelacanth fossil discovered in Roundhay Park (Leeds). Picture credit: Leeds City Council.

Picture credit: Leeds City Council

A Stunning Roundhay Park Coelacanth Fossil

The fossil dates from the Carboniferous Period (early Pennsylvanian sub-period), approximately 320 million years ago. At that time, the geography and climate of Britain looked very different.

Roundhay Park lay close to the Equator. Moreover, warm tropical waters covered the area.

Ru Smith explained:

“There’s a layer of rock in the park which dates from around 320 million years ago, from a time before the breakup of the continents, when what is now the park would have been situated close the Equator and under the warm waters of a tropical lagoon. West Central Africa would be a good place to find similar environments in the present.”

He added:

“There’s a bed of freshwater mussels called Carbonicola at one level in the rock, and opening a piece of shale from this bed in my hands I saw something unusual – a distinctive skull bone of a large fish. I knew straight away this was something different and very rare.”

Other experts subsequently examined the fossil and confirmed its identity. The skull bone belonged to a coelacanth. Significantly, the fossil predates other coelacanth specimens discovered elsewhere in Yorkshire.

Carboniferous Yorkshire

The Roundhay Park coelacanth fossil provides another glimpse into Yorkshire’s distant past. During the Carboniferous, the continents were gradually assembling into the immense supercontinent Pangaea. Extensive tropical environments existed around the Equator. Fish flourished in the waterways. Sharks and numerous other aquatic animals also inhabited Carboniferous ecosystems.

Meanwhile, vastly different animals lived on land. Early tetrapods shared their environments with a remarkable diversity of arthropods. Higher atmospheric oxygen levels during parts of the Carboniferous helped some arthropods attain impressive sizes.

Ru Smith commented:

“Coelacanths are pretty amazing fish and it’s just very cool to think that at one time, you could have been standing in Leeds and watching them swim around above a bed of mussels in Roundhay Park. That’s really the wonder of geology, looking at the rock and time travelling in the imagination to what was a very different world.”

Ru Smith and Clare Brown examining the remarkable Roundhay Park coelacanth fossil.

Ru Smith (right) from the Yorkshire Geological Society handing the rare fossil to Clare Brown, Leeds Museums and Galleries’ curator of natural sciences (left). Picture credit: Leeds City Council.

Picture credit: Leeds City Council

Coelacanths – “Living Fossils”

Coelacanths have a particularly fascinating evolutionary history. They belong to the Sarcopterygii, the lobe-finned fishes. Scientists knew coelacanths from an extensive fossil record. However, for many years researchers thought the group had become extinct during the Late Cretaceous. That assumption changed dramatically in 1938.

A living coelacanth was discovered among the catch of fishermen off the eastern coast of South Africa. Museum curator Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer recognised the unusual fish after seeing the specimen. The discovery caused an international scientific sensation.

Living coelacanths belong to the genus Latimeria. Two extant species are currently recognised, one associated with the western Indian Ocean and another from Indonesia.

The term “living fossil” is often applied to coelacanths. This description can be misleading. However, extant coelacanths closely resemble fossils of coelacanths.

Expedition to study coelacanths: Scientists in Search of Elusive Coelacanths.

Wild Safari Prehistoric World Coelacanth model.

A model of a coelacanth.

The image (above) shows a model of a coelacanth. This is the Wild Safari Prehistoric World coelacanth figure.

To view the Wild Safari Prehistoric World model range: Wild Safari Prehistoric World Figures.

An Important Addition to a Museum Collection

The newly discovered fossil joins several important prehistoric fish specimens held at Leeds Discovery Centre. For example, the collection contains an exceptional specimen of the large Carboniferous fish Megalichthys. It was discovered near Leeds in 1883. In addition, the collection contains fossils from geologically much younger marine reptiles. These include ichthyosaurs and long-necked plesiosaurs from the Jurassic.

Clare Brown, Leeds Museums and Galleries’ curator of natural sciences, welcomed the donation exclaiming:

“This is a remarkable find and we’re extremely grateful to Ru for donating his discovery to our collection. Responsible and ethical fossil hunting and geology can yield some incredible results and really help us to build a picture of life in prehistoric Leeds and the history that’s resting beneath our feet no matter where we may be. We’re always keen to work with local organisations and would encourage anyone interested to join a group.”

The precise location where the fossil was discovered has not been disclosed. This decision will help protect the geology and parkland.

Furthermore, it helps ensure that geological fieldwork takes place responsibly.

Protecting and Preserving Britain’s Fossil Heritage

The discovery demonstrates the important contribution made by experienced amateur and professional geologists. Careful fieldwork can reveal scientifically significant fossils, even in familiar urban landscapes.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“This discovery highlights the remarkable geology that can be found beneath our towns and cities. A fossil fish from Roundhay Park helps us imagine Leeds 320 million years ago, when this landscape formed part of an extremely different world. We congratulate Ru Smith on this important discovery and commend the decision to donate the specimen to Leeds Museums and Galleries. It can now be conserved, studied and enjoyed by future generations.”

Everything Dinosaur receives a rare Coelacanth fossil specimen: An Amazing Coelacanth Specimen.

The fossil will be preserved alongside thousands of other natural history specimens at Leeds Discovery Centre. The facility supports exhibitions, education and scientific research. In addition, members of the public can see its collections through pre-booked tours.

The Roundhay Park coelacanth fossil might consist of just part of a skull. Nevertheless, this small piece of bone tells an extraordinary story. Around 320 million years ago, a coelacanth swam through tropical waters where the city of Leeds stands today.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of Leeds Museums and Galleries in the compilation of this article.

25 08, 2026

New CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Figures Have Arrived

By Mike|2026-08-24T17:54:11+01:00August 25th, 2026|Categories: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

Two, new CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal figures have arrived at Everything Dinosaur’s warehouse. The Sivatherium giganteum model and the Colossosuchus phytosaur are now in stock. Team members are contacting all the customers who asked to be informed.

Unpacking a prehistoric giraffe. The CollectA Deluxe Sivatherium figure has arrived at Everything Dinosaur. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal models available from Everything Dinosaur: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Models.

New CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Animal Figures

Model collectors have lobbied for a Sivatherium figure. CollectA has delivered. In addition, the Phytosauria are severely underrepresented by mainstream model makers. The introduction of a 1:40 scale figure of a Late Triassic phytosaur from India is welcome.

Details of the two CollectA Deluxe models:

CollectA Deluxe 1:20 scale Sivatherium giganteum model.
CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Colossosuchus techniensis model.

The Sivatherium figure measures over twelve centimetres tall at the shoulder and has an overall length of sixteen centimetres. An Everything Dinosaur Sivatherium fact sheet will accompany sales of this prehistoric giraffe model.

CollectA Deluxe male Sivatherium giganteum.

The new CollectA male Sivatherium model shown in lateral view.

The Giant Phytosaur Colossosuchus (C. techniensis)

Colossosuchus was named in described in 2023 (Datta and Ray). It is one of the largest phytosaurs known to science. Size estimates vary but it could have reached a body length of around eight metres. Its fossils are from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of the Rewa Gondwana Basin of India. The CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Colossosuchus figure measures twenty-one centimetres long. Furthermore, it has an articulated lower jaw.

It is supplied with a free Colossosuchus techniensis fact sheet.

2026 CollectA Deluxe prehistoric animal figures (Colossosuchus).

The CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Colossosuchus model has an articulated lower jaw, and it is supplied with a free Everything Dinosaur Colossosuchus fact sheet. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Commenting on the arrival of these two, new CollectA figures, Mike from Everything Dinosaur stated:

“Congratulations CollectA! These are amazing prehistoric animal models. In addition, it is pleasing to see a phytosaur and a prehistoric giraffe added to the extensive CollectA range.”

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal Figures and Toys.

Remarkable Fossil Reveals the Diet of a Late Jurassic Ichthyosaur
Remarkable Fossil Reveals the Diet of a Late Jurassic Ichthyosaur

24 08, 2026

Remarkable Fossil Reveals the Diet of a Late Jurassic Ichthyosaur

By Mike|2026-08-24T08:28:30+01:00August 24th, 2026|Categories: Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

Scientists studying the newly described ichthyosaur Jabalisaurus tethyensis have gained a remarkable insight into its diet. A beautifully preserved fossil from southern Germany contains evidence of the animal’s last meals. In addition, the specimen preserves important details of the skeleton and body outline.

The fossil, specimen number JME-SOS-08369, was previously assigned to Aegirosaurus. However, researchers have now referred it to Jabalisaurus tethyensis. This specimen helps palaeontologists understand how this Late Jurassic ichthyosaur lived.

To read our recent article outlining the reassessment of Aegirosaurus fossil material to J. tethyensis: A New Species of Jabalisaurus Links Germany to Mexico.

Evidence of the Jabalisaurus Diet

JME-SOS-08369 preserves material interpreted as gastric contents. A small concentration of ganoid scales occurs in the anterior dorsal region of the body. The researchers interpret these remains as the partially digested remains of small ray-finned fishes. Therefore, scientists have direct evidence of the Jabalisaurus diet. This ichthyosaur consumed relatively small fishes.

The evidence also agrees with the anatomy of the skull. Jabalisaurus tethyensis had a slender skull armed with numerous relatively small teeth. Such jaws were well suited to catching small, active prey.

Jabalisaurus tethyensis, referred specimen JME-SOS-08369. A, overview photograph, box ‘G’ indicates the location of the preserved gastric contents, arrowhead indicates location of ischiopubis (not easily visible under natural light); B, close-up of skull; C, close-up of dentition. Picture credit: Maxwell, Neumann and Serafini.

Picture credit: Maxwell, Neumann and Serafini

The photograph of JME-SOS-08369 (above) shows the position of the preserved gastric contents. Close-up images also reveal details of the skull and dentition.

A Late Jurassic Hunter of Fish

The gastric contents provide rare direct evidence concerning the diet of a Late Jurassic ichthyosaur. Although ichthyosaurs have an extensive fossil record, direct evidence of what Late Jurassic species ate is surprisingly scarce. Other specimens have yielded fish remains and cephalopod hooklets. However, the gastric contents of JME-SOS-08369 add important information about the feeding ecology of Jabalisaurus tethyensis.

The researchers conclude that its diet included small ganoid-scaled actinopterygian fishes. These are ray-finned fishes characterised by distinctive scales covered with a hard, enamel-like substance.

A new life reconstruction (below) depicts Jabalisaurus tethyensis swimming close to the surface and pursuing halecomorph fishes. These are common Late Jurassic ray-finned fishes.

Artistic reconstruction of Jabalisaurus tethyensis, depicted in the water column close to the surface while pursuing halecomorph fishes. Picture credit: Giovanni Serafini.

Picture credit: Giovanni Serafini

The illustration provides a glimpse of this small ichthyosaur hunting in the warm waters associated with the ancient Tethys Ocean.

Examining the Jabalisaurus Skeleton

JME-SOS-08369 provides other important anatomical information. For example, the forelimbs preserve polygonal phalanges. These small bones formed part of the animal’s paddle-like limbs.

Both the right and left forelimbs preserve this distinctive polygonal morphology. Furthermore, ultraviolet light helped the researchers examine the ischiopubis, part of the pelvic region that is difficult to distinguish under natural light.

Jabalisaurus tethyensis, referred specimen JME-SOS-08369. A, phalanges from the right forelimb, with arrow indicating polygonal morphology; B, phalanges from the left forelimb, also showing polygonal form. C, ischiopubis, photographed under UV-light. Picture credit: Maxwell, Neumann and Serafini.

Picture credit: Maxwell, Neumann and Serafini

These anatomical characteristics helped the researchers compare JME-SOS-08369 with other Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs.

An Exceptionally Important Ichthyosaur Fossil

This specimen has already played an important role in studies of ichthyosaur soft tissues. Previous research examined its exceptionally complete body outline. The fossil even contributed to research suggesting that ichthyosaurs possessed an insulating layer of blubber. Now, JME-SOS-08369 has helped scientists investigate the anatomy, taxonomy and feeding behaviour of Jabalisaurus tethyensis.

To read more about this research: Ichthyosaurus Had Blubber According to New Research.

The fossil demonstrates how much information can be preserved in the fine-grained deposits of southern Germany. Bones reveal the animal’s anatomy, while traces of soft tissues help reconstruct its body. Remarkably, the contents of its digestive system provide evidence of what it ate.

Learning More About Jabalisaurus tethyensis

Everything Dinosaur recently reported the formal description of Jabalisaurus tethyensis (see link in this article). Fossils assigned to this species had previously been included within Aegirosaurus. Their reassessment has increased the known diversity of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the German Plattenkalk deposits.

The discovery of Jabalisaurus in Europe is significant for another reason. Before this research, the genus was known only from Mexico. Its presence on both sides of the ancient Tethys region supports the idea of a distinctive Peri-Tethyan ichthyosaur fauna.

However, JME-SOS-08369 tells a more intimate story. Around 149 million years ago, this marine reptile hunted small fishes in a tropical sea. Thanks to exceptional fossil preservation, evidence of its prey has survived to the present day.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of one of the study’s authors in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from southern Germany” by Erin E. Maxwell, Jule Neumann and Giovanni Serafini published in Palaeontologia Electronica.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Models of Ichthyosaurs and Other Marine Reptiles.

23 08, 2026

Stunning Rearing Rhoetosaurus Model Stars in Australian Dinosaur Diorama

By Mike|2026-08-21T10:38:42+01:00August 23rd, 2026|Categories: Dinosaur Fans|0 Comments

Our thanks to model collector and prehistoric animal fan Robert who sent into Everything Dinosaur a photograph of his rearing Rhoetosaurus model. The sauropod figure is part of the CollectA Age of Dinosaurs model range. We think this model was introduced by CollectA in 2009. Robert has been making a diorama focusing on Australian dinosaurs. The CollectA figure has been incorporated into Robert’s carefully researched Australian dinosaur diorama.

A rearing Rhoetosaurus model in a dinosaur diorama.

Robert has placed the rearing CollectA Prehistoric Life Age of Dinosaurs Rhoetosaurus amongst a variety of plants in his Australian dinosaurs diorama. Picture credit: Robert Townsend.

Picture credit: Robert Townsend

A Rearing Rhoetosaurus Model

Robert has spent many years creating extensive prehistoric landscapes. His displays highlight different continents and geological periods. Furthermore, he carefully selects prehistoric animal figures appropriate for each scene. The CollectA Rhoetosaurus model measures approximately seventeen centimetres tall and was designed by British designer Anthony Beeson. Significantly, it was the first CollectA sauropod figure depicted in a rearing pose.

The dramatic pose makes the model particularly eye-catching. Robert has used this unusual figure to great effect in his Australian dinosaur display.

Rhoetosaurus brownei is an important Australian dinosaur. It was named and scientifically described by Heber Longman in 1926. The fossils come from Queensland and date from the Middle Jurassic. Indeed, Rhoetosaurus remains the only named Australian sauropod known from the Jurassic. Consequently, its fossils provide palaeontologists with a rare insight into the early evolution of Australian sauropods.

Rhoetosaurus brownei with a human figure for scale. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the range of CollectA Age of Dinosaurs figures in stock: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs/Prehistoric Life Figures.

Rhoetosaurus may have been scientifically described a hundred years ago, but its fossils are still contributing to research. For example, fossilised foot bones have helped palaeontologists to study the structure of the sauropod foot.

To read about this research: Research into Sauropod Locomotion.

Creating a Prehistoric Australia Diorama

Robert’s diorama demonstrates how prehistoric animal models can be used to create informative scenes. Careful selection of figures can help illustrate the remarkable dinosaur fauna of Australia.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur praised Robert’s work and stated:

“We congratulate Robert on creating such a detailed and carefully researched display. A tremendous amount of thought has gone into selecting the models and creating the landscape. The rearing Rhoetosaurus model makes a striking addition to this wonderful Australian dinosaur diorama.”

Our thanks to Robert for sending in the photograph and allowing Everything Dinosaur to share his impressive model-making work.

A model of the Middle Jurassic sauropod Rhoetosaurus brownei.

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Models of Australian Dinosaurs.

22 08, 2026

Important New Guidelines for Colonial Natural History Collections

By Mike|2026-08-22T14:38:59+01:00August 22nd, 2026|Categories: Animal News Stories|0 Comments

The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin has published new guidelines concerning colonial natural history collections. The publication examines how museums and other institutions can work responsibly with specimens and objects originating from former colonial territories. Natural history collections provide an invaluable resource for scientists. However, specimens acquired during colonial periods can also reflect historical inequalities, power structures and the use of force. Consequently, museums are increasingly examining the circumstances in which parts of their collections were assembled.

The new publication represents an important contribution to this developing area of museum research.

Important new guidelines published for colonial natural history collections.

The mammalian collection at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. New guidelines have been published for the management of colonial natural history collections. Picture credit: Verena Brüning.

Picture credit: Verena Brüning

Colonial Natural History Collections

The publication is entitled “Dealing with Colonial Natural History Objects: Recommendations, Research, Reflections”. The German title is: “Umgang mit kolonialen Objekten der Naturkunde. Empfehlungen, Forschung, Reflexionen”.

It brings together practical recommendations, recent research and contributions from international museum experts. The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin explained that the guide should not be regarded as the final word on the subject. Instead, it is intended to be a living document that can evolve as research progresses and different perspectives are incorporated.

The aim is to combine scientific excellence with historical responsibility and cultural respect.

Professor Johannes Vogel, Director-General of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, commented:

“This guide represents an interim assessment of a journey we began over ten years ago and which we intend to continue. We share our knowledge and learn from our experiences – including our mistakes. We are an open research museum that seeks to continually learn through dialogue with others.”

The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin has an enormous collection of stuffed animals including many birds from around the world. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Opening Up a Collection of Thirty Million Objects

The Berlin museum houses an enormous natural history collection comprising around thirty million objects. Ongoing cataloguing work is intended to create new ways for people around the world to access these collections. Furthermore, the project aims to democratise access to existing knowledge. It also seeks to encourage participation in the creation of new knowledge about museum specimens and their histories.

The guidelines have emerged from more than a decade of research and collaboration. Participatory projects, workshops and international exchange programmes have brought together researchers representing different academic disciplines and cultural backgrounds.

Many of the amazing dinosaur fossil specimens on display at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin come from Tanzania. They were collected during Germany’s colonial past. These specimens including the enormous Giraffatitan mounted fossil skeleton will also come under these guidelines.

Museum für Naturkunde Berlin dinosaur gallery.

The spectacular dinosaur gallery at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin has recently been praised for its work on conservation and documenting the biota of the German capital.

To learn more about this work: Berlin Amphibian Population Falls According to New Study.

International Collaboration and Co-curation

Recent developments at the museum demonstrate how these principles can be applied in practice. New galleries focusing on deer and horned animals and mammal skulls were developed through an international co-curation programme. Nine co-curators from Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Togo, Cameroon, Kenya, Namibia and Egypt participated in the project. Their contributions enabled scientific research to be considered alongside local knowledge systems, cultural experiences and historical perspectives. The resulting displays demonstrate how natural history collections can be interpreted through dialogue involving different communities and areas of expertise.

Such an approach can provide additional context for specimens that might otherwise be viewed solely from a biological or taxonomic perspective.

A Resource for Museums and Researchers

The guidelines are intended for anyone working with natural history objects. This includes staff and researchers associated with museums, universities, archives, research institutions and other collections.

Importantly, the publication is available in both German and English. It has also been made freely available as an open-access resource.

The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin regards the publication as a starting point rather than an end point. As research into colonial natural history collections continues, the recommendations can be developed and adapted to suit different institutions and circumstances.

The publication highlights an increasingly important aspect of modern museum practice. Natural history specimens can provide remarkable insights into biodiversity and the history of life. However, understanding how specimens entered collections, who collected them and under what circumstances can add another important dimension to their scientific and cultural significance.

Publication Details

Kaiser, Katja and Heumann, Ina (eds.). Dealing with Colonial Natural History Objects: Recommendations, Research, Reflections. Heidelberg: arthistoricum.net, 2026.

The publication is available open access.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin in the compilation of this article.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

21 08, 2026

The New Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon Models Coming into Stock

By Mike|2026-08-21T09:47:45+01:00August 21st, 2026|Categories: Haolonggood Prehistoric Animal Models|0 Comments

Everything Dinosaur team members confirm that they will stock the recently announced Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon pair. This prehistoric elephant figure is available in two colour schemes (grey and brown). It will be in stock at Everything Dinosaur in the early autumn (2026).

The Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon pair. This model is available in two colour schemes (grey and brown).

To view the range of Haolonggood prehistoric animal figures in stock: Haolonggood Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

The Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon Pair

Scientifically described by the Italian palaeontologist Carlo Petrocchi, Stegotetrabelodon is distantly related to modern, extant elephants. They have the typical domed skulls of modern elephants, and their eyes are located towards the front of the skull, both traits of living elephants. However, they possessed two pairs of long tusks, a pair in the upper jaws and a pair in the shortened lower jaw. These prehistoric elephants had the longest lower jaw tusks of any known proboscidean.

Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon pair shown in anterior view.

The Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon shown in lateral view. This genus has the longest lower jaw tusks of any known proboscidean.

A Primitive Elephant Trackway Hints at Social Structure

Remarkable fossil trackways from the United Arab Emirates provide evidence of the behaviour of primitive elephants. Dating from the Late Miocene, around seven million years ago, the Mleisa 1 tracksite preserves the footprints of at least thirteen proboscideans of different sizes. Researchers concluded that a Stegotetrabelodon species (S. syrticus), one of three proboscideans known in the ancient ecosystem, was the most likely trackmaker. The animals appear to have travelled together as a herd. Intriguingly, another large individual crossed the herd’s route while travelling in a different direction. This animal may have been a solitary male. Therefore, the trackways suggest that Stegotetrabelodon could have exhibited social behaviour broadly comparable to that of living elephants.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s article from 2012 about these trackways: Oldest Elephant Trackway Studied.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“The Haolonggood Stegotetrabelodon pair are part of the new Ancient Witness model range. These are the third proboscidean figures to be announced by Haolonggood following the Woolly Mammoth and the Palaeoloxodon models.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Models of Prehistoric Animals.

20 08, 2026

What Makes a Scientifically Accurate Dinosaur Model?

By Mike|2026-08-20T13:58:04+01:00August 20th, 2026|Categories: Educational Activities|0 Comments

What makes a scientifically accurate dinosaur model? This is a question that dinosaur fans and model collectors frequently ask us. Our understanding of the Dinosauria is constantly changing. Therefore, creating an accurate prehistoric animal figure is challenging. For example, until recently anyone making a model of Nanotyrannus could not be certain that their figure represented a valid genus. However, recent research has demonstrated that N. lancensis is probably a valid taxon. Furthermore, there could be two species of mid-sized tyrannosauroids in the North American fossil record.

The new for 2021 PNSO Nanotyrannus dinosaur model. When this model was introduced, there were some doubts about the validity of this taxon.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s blog posts about the recent research exploring the validity of Nanotyrannus: Nanotyrannus – A New Chapter in Tyrannosaur Evolution.

A second blog post reaffirming the validity of the Nanotyrannus taxon: New Paper on the Nanotyrannus Genus.

Manufacturers have access to more scientific information than ever before. However, producing a credible dinosaur model involves much more than simply copying a fossil skeleton.

Studying the Dinosaur Fossils

A scientifically accurate dinosaur model should reflect the known fossil evidence. For example, palaeontologists can examine bones to determine body proportions and posture. Fossils can also provide information about muscle attachment. Exceptionally preserved specimens reveal even more. Skin impressions can provide evidence about scales and other integumentary structures. Furthermore, fossilised feathers have transformed our understanding of many theropod dinosaurs. In addition, some remarkable specimens even provide evidence of internal organs.

Even footprints can help. Dinosaur tracks provide information about stance, locomotion and how the feet contacted the ground. Scales preserved on the footprints can provide information on the integument of the foot.

A fossil dinosaur footprint photographed at the London Natural History Museum. The exhibit features a three-toed print from the famous Lark Quarry track site in Australia. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Reconstructing the Missing Parts

Unfortunately, dinosaur skeletons are rarely complete. Consequently, palaeoartists and model makers must interpret missing information. Closely related species can provide useful anatomical clues. In addition, living animals such as birds and crocodilians can help scientists understand dinosaur soft tissues. Some types of prehistoric creature such as the sauropods and pterosaurs have no living analogues. Therefore, some features remain speculative.

Colour is an obvious difficulty. Scientists have identified evidence of pigmentation in a small number of exceptionally preserved fossils. For most dinosaurs, their colouration remains unknown. However, research papers can provide hope. For example, a paper was recently published that provided some evidence of the colour of diplodocid dinosaurs.

Evidence of the colour of long-necked dinosaurs: Sauropod Skin Study Reveals Colour Patterning.

Even so, a scientifically accurate dinosaur model can still include an element of artistic interpretation. Indeed, our own Everything Dinosaur Evolution Tyrannosaurus rex model has a highly sophisticated colour scheme. Although the colour of T. rex is unknown, an informed judgement can be made by considering the palaeoenvironment, countershading, visual display behaviours and the need to regulate body temperature.

Everything Dinosaur Evolution T. rex is now in stock.

The Everything Dinosaur Evolution range is now in stock. The Tyrannosaurus rex figure has an extremely sophisticated colour scheme. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the Everything Dinosaur Evolution range of scientifically accurate models: Everything Dinosaur Evolution Tyrannosaurus Model.

Scientific Research Changes Dinosaur Models

Scientific accuracy is not fixed. New discoveries can change how an extinct animal is reconstructed. For instance, dinosaur models from several decades ago often depicted large theropods standing upright with their tails dragging along the ground. Scientists now know that these dinosaurs held their bodies much more horizontally. Their tails helped to counterbalance the front of the body. Furthermore, we know that many types of dinosaurs were feathered, a concept that many movie franchises have yet to grasp. Moreover, there is growing evidence to support the idea that many archosaurs had lips.

Our understanding of feathers has changed too. Many dinosaurs once depicted with completely scaly bodies are now reconstructed with extensive feather coverings. As the science changes, dinosaur models change with it.

Getting the Details Right

An accurate model should consider the entire animal rather than concentrating solely on the skull. Hands, feet, limbs and body proportions are important too. Small anatomical details can make a considerable difference. The orientation of the hands of a theropod is one example. The number and position of fingers and toes should also reflect the fossil evidence.

Similarly, the arrangement of horns, crests, armour and other structures should be based on the available scientific data. Scale is another consideration. A model described as being in a particular scale should reflect reasonable estimates for the size of the prehistoric animal. In the past, many dinosaurs were thought to have moved like extant lizards. Their limbs were not directly under the body but held to the side. Such old-fashioned depictions can still be seen today.

Bas-relief Stegosaurus at the Berlin Aquarium.

The Stegosaurus motif from the Berlin Aquarium. The aquarium building was built between 1911 and 1913. The dinosaur motifs such as this Stegosaurus relief reflect the scientific knowledge at the time. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Working with Scientists and Artists

Many manufacturers consult palaeontologists and specialist palaeoartists when developing prehistoric animal figures. This collaboration can help turn scientific research into a three-dimensional reconstruction. Scientific papers, skeletal drawings and fossil photographs can all contribute to the design process. Museum specimens may also provide valuable reference material.

However, attention to detail remains essential. A beautiful dinosaur model is not necessarily an accurate one.

What Makes a Scientifically Accurate Dinosaur Model?

Ultimately, the best dinosaur reconstructions combine scientific evidence with informed interpretation. They reflect what palaeontologists currently know while acknowledging areas of uncertainty. No dinosaur model can be guaranteed to remain scientifically accurate forever. A new fossil discovery could change our understanding tomorrow. Palaeontology has a long history of correcting previously held hypotheses. For example, the Iguanodon statues on display at Crystal Palace have horns on their snouts that we now know to be a thumb spike.

A pair of Iguanodons study the Crystal Palace landscape. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

At Everything Dinosaur, we welcome these changes. New discoveries give scientists, palaeoartists, model makers and dinosaur enthusiasts fresh opportunities to reconsider what these extraordinary animals might have looked like.

Mike commented:

“Perhaps that is part of the appeal of prehistoric animal model collecting. Dinosaur models provide a snapshot of scientific knowledge at a particular moment in time. As palaeontology advances, our models of these remarkable prehistoric animals evolve as well.”

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Scientifically Accurate Dinosaur Models.

19 08, 2026

An Exclusive CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia Model Video

By Mike|2026-08-20T07:45:03+01:00August 19th, 2026|Categories: Everything Dinosaur videos|0 Comments

Everything Dinosaur has produced a short video highlighting a recently introduced CollectA Deluxe dinosaur model. We have created an exclusive CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia model video. This impressive hadrosaur figure is in stock and available from Everything Dinosaur.

The video provides a close-up view of this remarkable 1:60 scale lambeosaurine. It also highlights some of the details incorporated into the model.

The CollectA Magnapaulia model, a replica of one of the giant lambeosaurine dinosaur from north-western Mexico.

To view the range of CollectA Deluxe scale models of prehistoric animals in stock: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life Figures.

The CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia Model Video

The CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia measures approximately 20.5 cm in length. It represents the species Magnapaulia laticaudus, one of the largest duck-billed dinosaurs known to science. This huge lambeosaurine lived during the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils come from the El Gallo Formation of Baja California in north-western Mexico.

The model has a spectacular red head crest and a brightly coloured throat wattle. Moreover, whilst speculative these features hint at the importance of visual signalling in these dinosaurs. In addition, CollectA has carefully recreated the unusual skin texture of this enormous herbivore.

The CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia model (1:60 scale).

The CollectA Deluxe 1:60 scale Magnapaulia figure.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Fossilised skin impressions associated with Magnapaulia reveal different scale sizes. Larger, rounded scales occurred alongside much smaller scales. CollectA has incorporated these features into its reconstruction.

A Giant Lambeosaurine Hadrosaur

Scientists originally assigned the fossil material to Lambeosaurus. Subsequently, researchers proposed other classifications. However, a detailed reassessment led to the establishment of the genus Magnapaulia in 2012. Everything Dinosaur supplies a free Magnapaulia fact sheet with the CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia figure.

Furthermore, the dinosaur had extremely tall neural spines along much of its back and tail. These features would have given the animal a deep-bodied appearance. Intriguingly, Magnapaulia possessed an exceptionally broad and powerful tail. When first studied, it was suggested that this dinosaur was semi-aquatic. Our short video highlights this point.

Size estimates vary. Nevertheless, Magnapaulia laticaudus was undoubtedly a giant hadrosaur. Some estimates suggest that particularly large individuals could have exceeded twelve metres in length. Once again, our short video comments on the size and the weight of this herbivorous dinosaur.

Watch the Magnapaulia Model Video

Want to see the model in more detail? Everything Dinosaur recommends our short video showcasing this remarkable CollectA figure.

Watch the CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia video on the Everything Dinosaur YouTube channel: Everything Dinosaur on YouTube.

The short video provides collectors with views of the model from several angles. Therefore, viewers can examine the colour scheme, body proportions and detailing before adding the figure to their collection.

Mike from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“The CollectA Deluxe Magnapaulia is in stock at Everything Dinosaur. Furthermore, customers receive a free Everything Dinosaur Magnapaulia laticaudus fact sheet with purchases of this model”.

The multi-award-winning Everything Dinosaur shop: Models of Prehistoric Animals.