A surprising evolutionary link between today’s passive, sleepy koalas and the fearsome “marsupial lion” – Thylacoleo carnifex is revealed.  Evidence provided by collagen peptide data favours a close relationship between the extinct Thylacoleo and the koala.  The study, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, suggests that these very different marsupials are part of a broader clade including wombats and the extinct genera Zygomaturus and Palorchestes.

The research was led by Dr Michael Buckley (University of Manchester).  An international team of researchers analysed fifty-one marsupial bones collected from caves and swamps across Tasmania.  Their results provide the first biomolecular data linking several extinct Australian megafauna species to their living relatives.

Bone images of the specimens from Mowbray swamp to contrast differences in preservation state from those of Scotchtown Cave. Picture credit: University of Manchester.

Picture credit: The University of Manchester

From a Cuddly Koala to the Marsupial Predator Thylacoleo carnifex

During the Late Pleistocene, the landmass consisting of Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania was home to a rich and diverse megafauna.  Fluctuating sea levels as a result of glaciation exposed the continental shelves of today’s islands, effectively linking them all together into a single palaeocontinent.  With the end of the glaciation, New Guinea and Tasmania gradually became separated from mainland Australia.  It is estimated that New Guinea being separated around eight thousand years ago.  In contrast, Tasmania became an island as recently as six thousand years ago.

This ancient landmass, known as Sahul, faced one of the greatest waves of megafaunal extinctions on the planet during the Late Pleistocene. Australia lost nearly ninety percent of its giant land animals. The reasons for this extinction event remain highly controversial.  For example, was the extinction of the megafauna due to climate change, the impact of hunting and landscape change by modern humans or a combination of all these factors?

ZooMS (Collagen Fingerprinting)

Using an innovative technique called zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS), or collagen fingerprinting, the team was able to analyse fossils more than 100,000 years old – far beyond the age limit for traditional DNA analysis.  This enabled the team to reconstruct evolutionary relationships between extinct and extant marsupials. ZooMS can identify even tiny bone fragments and reveal their species, it could help scientists refine the timeline of when Australia’s megafauna disappeared and how long they overlapped with humans.

Dr Buckley stated:

“Until now, we’ve struggled to determine exactly how many of these extinct species were related because Australia’s hot climate destroys DNA over time. However, collagen proteins survive in much older and even extremely fragmented bones, allowing us to identify species and reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between extinct and living marsupials that could not be achieved through traditional methods.”

The research revealed that the extant koala and the extinct Thylacoleo carnifex shared a common ancestor around 25-35 million years ago.

A collection of extant marsupials from Australia including wombats, tree kangaroos and koalas. A new study has provided fresh insights into evolutionary relationships. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Clarifying the Vombatiformes

The research also provides new biomolecular data helping to clarify diprotodontids.  Analysis of ancient collagen sequences associated with the extinct species Zygomaturus trilobus and Palorchestes azael confirmed that these species belonged to the broader wombat/koala group known as the Vombatiformes.

Dr Buckley explained:

“ZooMS also allows thousands of fossil specimens to be analysed quickly, so it could be a game-changer for the study of extinct species. We can now identify more fossils, improve extinction chronologies, and better understand ancient biodiversity.”

The increasing use of collagen to retrieve phylogenetic information—as one among many tools—offers great potential to better understand the diversity and evolution of past life on Earth.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from the University of Manchester in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Collagen fingerprinting and sequence analysis provides a molecular phylogeny of extinct Australian megafauna” by Michael Buckley, Kieren J. Mitchell, Lee J. Arnold, Elizabeth H. Reed and Rolan Eberhard published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

The Everything Dinosaur website: Models of Prehistoric Animals.

For decades, palaeontologists have debated whether Nanotyrannus lancensis was a real species or simply a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex. A new study, published in the journal “Nature” has solved this mystery. A remarkable fossil from the famous “Duelling Dinosaurs” discovery in Montana has confirmed that Nanotyrannus was indeed a distinct tyrannosaur species – not a teenage T. rex.

The fossil, unearthed in the Hell Creek Formation, captures a Triceratops and a small tyrannosaur preserved together. For years, scientists argued that the smaller predator was a young Tyrannosaurus rex. However, new research led by Lindsay Zanno of North Carolina State University demonstrates that this specimen represents a fully mature Nanotyrannus lancensis.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s blog post from 2020 about North Carolina State University acquiring the “Duelling Dinosaurs” specimen: “Duelling Dinosaurs” Get Permanent Home.

The researchers studied the tyrannosaur’s histology, bone fusion and anatomical development.  They determined that this dinosaur was around twenty years old when it perished.  This was not a juvenile T. rex after all.

The snout of Nanotyrannus lancensis from the “Duelling Dinosaurs” specimen. Picture credit: North Carolina State University.

Picture credit: North Carolina State University

Late Cretaceous North American Tyrannosaur Diversity

Significantly, the fossil skeleton shows traits that cannot be explained by growth alone. It had proportionally longer forelimbs, more teeth, fewer tail vertebrae, and distinctive skull nerve canals. Such features appear early in development and remain constant throughout life.

Co-author James Napoli (Stony Brook University, New York), explained:

“For Nanotyrannus to be a juvenile T. rex, it would have to break every known rule of vertebrate growth. It’s simply impossible.”

The researchers discovered that the forearm and hand of Nanotyrannus was different to that of Tyrannosaurus rex. Picture credit: NC Museum of Natural Sciences.

Picture credit: NC Museum of Natural Sciences

Sitting Outside the Tyrannosauridae

Tyrannosaurus rex is among the most comprehensively studied extinct tetrapods.  It was one of the last surviving non-avian dinosaurs.  This species provides insights into Late Cretaceous terrestrial diversity, ecosystem structure and biogeographic exchange immediately preceding the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event.  This new study changes how palaeontologists perceive tyrannosaur diversity.  Instead of a single species dominating predatory niches, there were multiple predators co-existing in the Late Cretaceous of North America.

Over two hundred tyrannosaur fossils were examined.  The team discovered another specimen with subtle differences from Nanotyrannus lancensis.  The specimen known as “Jane” (BMRP 2002.4.1) at the Burpee Museum of Natural History Illinois represents a larger species of Nanotyrannus. A second Nanotyrannus species was erected by the researchers – Nanotyrannus lethaeus. The species epithet was inspired by the River Lethe of Greek mythology, symbolising how this new species remained hidden for decades.

The confirmation of Nanotyrannus as a valid genus suggests the final few million years of the Cretaceous were far more dynamic than once thought. Several tyrannosaur species, not just T. rex, co-existed. While Tyrannosaurus rex dominated with power and size, Nanotyrannus excelled in speed and agility, filling a different ecological niche.

Fellow co-author Lindsay Zanno, (associate research professor at North Carolina State University) added:

“This discovery paints a richer, more competitive picture of the last days of the dinosaurs.”

A pack of Nanotyrannus attacks a juvenile T. rex. Picture credit: Anthony Hutchings

Picture credit: Anthony Hutchings

Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the two Nanotyrannus species sits outside the Tyrannosauridae family. Nanotyrannus and its close relatives belong to a distinct tyrannosaur lineage, one that is not closely related to T. rex. However, the taxonomic position of this genus remains uncertain. It has been speculated that the formation of the Western Interior Seaway separated theropod populations and this may have resulted in two, dissimilar lineages evolving.

Nanotyrannus Models

Despite the controversy, a number of Nanotyrannus figures have been made available for collectors.  For example, Safari Ltd have made a Nanotyrannus figure and in 2021 PNSO introduced “Logan the Nanotyrannus” model.

The new for 2021 PNSO Nanotyrannus dinosaur model.

To see the range of PNSO prehistoric animal figures in stock: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs Models and Figures.

Nanotyrannus lancensis and Nanotyrannus lethaeus

The findings outlined in the paper are not without controversy.  Many authors who have questioned the validity of Nanotyrannus have accepted the study’s conclusions.  However, debate remains over the taxonomy and whether the Burpee Museum specimen “Jane” really does represent a separate species of Nanotyrannus. With Nanotyrannus lancensis recognised, palaeontologists can now revisit long-held ideas about tyrannosaur evolution.  For example, this new research will need to a reassessment of tyrannosaur growth rates.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from North Carolina State University in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus coexisted at the close of the Cretaceous” by Lindsay E. Zanno and James G. Napoli published in Nature.

The Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal Models and Figures.