A jumbled set of bones first spotted on a beach on the southern portion of the Isle of Skye in 1973 have been identified as a probable ornithopod.  The Elgol dinosaur fossil is Scotland’s earliest recorded dinosaur fossil discovery.  A research team led by Dr Elsa Panciroli (NERC Independent Research Fellow at National Museums Scotland), visited the site in 2018 and began the challenging process of extracting the fossil specimen from the surrounding boulders.

A specialist Canadian company was invited to supervise the extraction of the rare fossil.  Once the difficult task of releasing the fossil slab was completed, it was carefully loaded onto an inflatable dingy and piloted safely back to port by a local crew from Elgol’s Bella Jane Boat Trips.  The researchers were so worried about the fossil block sinking that they tied several buoys to it in the hope that if the boat should capsize, the rare fossil could still be located.

Lead author Dr Elsa Panciroli with the Elgol dinosaur fossil. The jumbled bones have proved difficult to identify. Picture credit: Neil Hanna.

Picture credit: Neil Hanna

The Dinosaur Fossil Record of Scotland

The fossil record of dinosaurs in Scotland mostly comprises isolated highly fragmentary bones from the Great Estuarine Group in the Inner Hebrides.  These sediments were deposited in the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian–Bathonian faunal stage).  The Elgol dinosaur fossil is estimated to be around 166 million years old. It is the first and most complete partial dinosaur skeleton currently known from Scotland. The material has been assigned a specimen number (NMS G.2023.19.1).

After manual preparation, the scientists were able to identify part of the spine, ribs and elements from the hips (a partial ilium).  Unfortunately, micro-CT scanning failed to help with fossil identification.  However, the team are confident that the material does represent a dinosaur, an ornithischian and most likely an ornithopod.  If it does prove to be an ornithopod, then it would be one of the world’s oldest ornithopod body fossils described to date.

The Elgol dinosaur fossil has been interpreted to represent an early ornithopod. Picture credit: Maija Karala.

Picture credit: Maija Karala

Lead author of the study, Dr Elsa Panciroli stated:

“This was a really challenging extraction, in fact we’d previously felt was too difficult to collect the fossil, but I thought it was really important to study it. I was able to persuade the team to give it a try. It took a lot of hard work from a lot of people, but we did it: finally we can confirm and publish Scotland’s first recorded and most complete dinosaur, and that makes it all worthwhile”.

Cerapodan or Ornithopod Dinosaur

The ornithischian (bird-hipped) clade of the Dinosauria has been subdivided into several groups.  Although the exact taxonomy remains undetermined, most palaeontologists distinguish two main groups. Firstly, there is the Thyreophora which comprises the armoured dinosaurs. In addition, there is the Cerapoda which can be further divided into the Ornithopoda and the Marginocephalia (ceratopsids and pachycephalosaurs).

The partial ilium and a histological analysis of fossil bone led the team to conclude that NMS G.2023.19.1 was definitely ornithischian and probably an early ornithopod. Ornithopods were much more common in the Early and Late Cretaceous.  Famous ornithopods such as Iguanodon, Hypsilophodon and Mantellisaurus are associated with Lower Cretaceous deposits.

A Mantellisaurus scale drawing.  An illustration of an Early Cretaceous ornithopod.  Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The ornithopod illustration (above) is based on the CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Mantellisaurus model that was introduced in 2018.  This was the same year when the fossil was removed from its difficult to access location.

To view the range of CollectA Age of Dinosaur figures, including many ornithopods: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Figures.

Late Cretaceous ornithopods were extremely successful.  Hadrosaurs became the dominant herbivores in many ecosystems.  The Hadrosauridae family (duck-billed dinosaurs) had a global distribution. Some of these dinosaurs were enormous.  For example, Shantungosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of China reached lengths in excess of fourteen metres.

The Elgol Dinosaur Fossil

The Elgol fossils suggest an animal about the size of a pony.  Histological analysis concluded that the animal was at least eight years of age when it died. The new description of the Elgol dinosaur is published in the Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. If the fossil material does represent an ornithischian, as tentatively suggested from the partial ilium and histological sectioning, it represents the geologically youngest known occurrence in Scotland, and first from the Kilmaluag Formation.  This adds to the diversity of dinosaurs known from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye.

To read an article about the types of dinosaurs that lived in this part of the world during the Middle Jurassic: Tracks of Middle Jurassic Dinosaurs.

A close-up view of the 166-million-year-old Elgol dinosaur fossil. Dr Elsa Panciroli carefully examines the fossil material. Picture credit: Neil Hanna.

Picture credit: Neil Hanna

Co-author of the study, Dr Stig Walsh (National Museums Scotland) said:

“This is a wonderful addition to the rapidly growing set of Jurassic finds from the Isle of Skye which are enabling us to learn more and more about the rich ecosystem of the time. We’ve known there were dinosaurs there for a while, most obviously from the famous footprints at An Corran, Brother’s Point and Duntulm and from individual bones, but it’s exciting to see a more complete, if still partial, skeleton. We’re delighted to add it to the other amazing finds now in the National Collection”.

Other recent Jurassic discoveries from Skye include the description of adult and juvenile mammals of the same species, Krusatodon, which revealed that these mammals grew more slowly than mammals today, and possibly one of the world’s largest Jurassic pterosaurs, Dearc sgiathanach.

To read Everything Dinosaur’s article about the Krusatodon fossils: Providing an Insight into Krusatodon Ontogeny.

To read about the discovery of D. sgiathanach: Fantastic Pterosaur from the Isle of Skye.

More Dinosaur Fossils?

Fellow author Professor Susie Maidment of the London Natural History Museum and the University of Birmingham, added:

“The Elgol dinosaur was a challenge to collect, and has proven perhaps an even bigger challenge to identify. Some aspects of the bones indicate that the specimen may be an ornithopod, a group of plant-eating dinosaurs that are best known from the Cretaceous. This specimen, however, would already have been a fossil by the time that the better-known ornithopods like Iguanodon and Hypsilophodon were walking the Earth. Recent research on the fossils of Elgol has revealed a diverse ecosystem of extraordinarily preserved Middle Jurassic animals, and I’m sure there are more exciting discoveries to come.”

The other authors on the paper were Professor Roger Benson (American Museum of Natural History), Professor Richard Butler (University of Birmingham), Brett Crawford (Research Casting International – RCI), Matt Fear (RCI), Dr Nick Fraser (National Museums Scotland) and Dr Gregory Funston (Royal Ontario Museum).

With the description of the Elgol dinosaur fossil, the significance of the Isle of Skye is once again emphasised.  Furthermore, it demonstrates the importance of this part of Scotland in terms of learning more about the dinosaur biota from the Middle Jurassic.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release downloaded from National Museums Scotland.

The scientific paper: “The first and most complete dinosaur skeleton from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland” by Elsa Panciroli, Gregory F. Funston, Susannah C. R. Maidment, Richard J. Butler, Roger B. J. Benson, Brett L. Crawford, Matt Fair, Nicholas C. Fraser and Stig Walsh published in the Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal Models.

A newly published scientific paper highlights the uniqueness and diversity of Australian theropods.  The research, published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology identifies the world’s oldest known megaraptorid.  In addition, the study provides the first evidence of the presence of carcharodontosaurs in Australia.  These fossil discoveries are rewriting the evolutionary history of theropod dinosaurs.  Furthermore, they highlight a unique predator hierarchy in Australia during the Early Cretaceous.

The research was led by Museums Victoria Research Institute and Monash University PhD student Jake Kotevski. The scientists describe five new theropod specimens. Three tibiae, and a fossil consisting of two articulated caudal vertebrae with haemal arches, from the upper Strzelecki Group. In addition, the study includes a single tibia from the slightly younger Eumeralla Formation.

Unenlagiinae left tibia (front). Carcharodontosauria left tibia (middle) and Megaraptoridae right tibia (rear). New research highlights the diversity of Early Cretaceous Australian theropods. Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria.

Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria

Describing the Theropod Fossils

The five specimens included in the study are:

• Articulated Megaraptoridae caudal vertebrae (NMV P257414) – from upper Strzelecki Group exposures from the Twin Reefs locality.
• A partial right tibia (Megaraptoridae) specimen number NMV P257415 also from upper Strzelecki Group exposures at the Twin Reefs locality.
• Carcharodontosauria indet. left tibia (NMV P186143). A fragmentary fossil collected from the Lesley’s Lair site by Patricia Vickers-Rich in 1988 (upper Strzelecki Group).
• NMV P221042 a Carcharodontosauria indet. right tibia from the Point Lewis locality of the Eumeralla Formation.
• NMV P257601 a crushed left tibia assigned to Unenlagiinae indet. This fossil was found at Eagles Nest, near Inverloch, (upper Strzelecki Group).

For context, the upper Strzelecki Group deposits are dated from 121.4 to 118 million years ago.  Whilst the geologically younger Eumeralla Formation dates from 113 to 108 million years ago.

Fragmentary fossil material found in Australia has been assigned to the Megaraptoridae family previously.  However, these megaraptorid fossils from the upper Strzelecki Group are several million years older.  As such, they are the oldest assigned Megaraptoridae fossil material known to science.  Previously, Everything Dinosaur has reported on the discovery of Australian megaraptor fossil material that dates from approximately 110 million years ago.

To read more about this research: Australian Theropod Bone Challenges Gondwana Break-up Theory.

Megaraptoridae right tibia. Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria.

Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria

A Fresh Perspective on Australian Theropods

These newly described theropod fossils offer insights into Victoria’s dinosaur dominated, Early Cretaceous ecosystem.  The fossils suggest that the apex predators were megaraptorids.  In contrast, the coeval carcharodontosaurs were much smaller and lighter.  For example, the partial tibia and articulated caudal vertebrae indicate the presence of megaraptorids that were around six to seven metres in length.  The fossils assigned to carcharodontosaurs indicate much smaller theropods.  A size estimate for the carcharodontosaurs of two to four metres in length has been proposed.

One of the authors of the study, PhD student Jake Kotevski commented:

“The discovery of carcharodontosaurs in Australia is ground-breaking. It’s fascinating to see how Victoria’s predator hierarchy diverged from South America, where carcharodontosaurs reached Tyrannosaurus rex-like sizes up to 13 metres, towering over megaraptorids. Here, the roles were reversed, highlighting the uniqueness of Australia’s Cretaceous ecosystem.”

Two Megaraptoridae caudal (tail) vertebrae and haemal arches. Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria.

Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria

Numerous small ornithopods are known from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria.  However, sauropod remains are absent.  This may have favoured the evolution of smaller, cursorial predators such as megaraptors.  Whereas, in South America large carcharodontosaurs were the apex predators.  They probably hunted the abundant sauropods.  This suggests the composition of the herbivorous dinosaurs in each region led to different theropods dominating the ecosystem.

To read a blog post from 2019 about the discovery of a new ornithopod from Victoria: A New Early Cretaceous Ornithopod from Australia is Described (Galleonosaurus).

Evidence of Faunal Interchange

Co-author Dr Thomas Rich (Museums Victoria) added:

“The findings not only expand Australia’s theropod fossil record but offer compelling evidence of faunal interchange between Australia and South America through Antarctica during the Early Cretaceous. The findings also challenge previous assumptions about body-size hierarchies in Gondwanan predator ecosystems highlighting Victoria’s unique Cretaceous fauna.”

Specimen number NMV P257601 has been referred to the Unenlagiinae.  Their taxonomic position within the Theropoda remains controversial.  For example, some palaeontologists consider unenlagiines to be a subfamily of the Dromaeosauridae.  However, other scientists consider, these small, long-snouted dinosaurs as a separate family (Unenlagiidae). Most unenlagiine fossil remains have been found in South America. Historically, Australia had limited evidence for their presence.  Nevertheless, the crushed tibia (NMV P257601) provides further robust evidence for a faunal interchange between South America and Australia across Antarctica.

Jake Kotevski (left) holding Unenlagiinae left tibia and Tim Ziegler (right) holding Megaraptoridae right tibia. Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria.

Picture credit: Nadir Kinani/Museums Victoria

The Importance of Museum Collections

Co-author Tim Ziegler (Museums Victoria) highlighted the importance of access to museum collections to foster scientific breakthroughs.

He stated:

“Museum collections are crucial to advancing our understanding of prehistoric life. Specimens preserved in the State Collection for decades – unidentifiable until now – are providing new insights into the evolution of dinosaur ecosystems.”

Three of the fossils, uncovered between 2022 and 2023, were first identified by Museums Victoria volunteer Melissa Lowery. This discovery highlights the essential contributions of community members working alongside seasoned researchers to further our understanding of Australia’s Cretaceous past.

An aerial view of Twin Reefs, Bunurong Coastal Reserve (Victoria), the area where some of the dinosaur fossils were found. Picture credit John Broomfield/Museums Victoria.

Picture credit: John Broomfield/Museums Victoria

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from Museums Victoria in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic implications of new carcharodontosaurian, megaraptorid, and unenlagiine theropod remains from the upper Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, southeast Australia” by Jake Kotevski, Ruairidh J. Duncan, Tim Ziegler, Joseph J. Bevitt, Patricia Vickers-Rich, Thomas H. Rich, Alistair R. Evans and Stephen F. Poropat published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

The award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Prehistoric Animal Models.