Lisowicia bojani Huge Dicynodont from the Late Triassic of Poland

The Late Triassic of southern Poland was home to a giant “mammal-like” reptile the size of an elephant and weighing some 9 tons.  Scientists from the Polish Academy of Sciences in collaboration with colleagues from Uppsala University (Sweden), have published details on the discovery of the fossilised remains of a huge therapsid, specifically a dicynodont, that has been named Lisowicia bojani.  This super-sized, distant ancestor of modern mammals is believed to have measured around 4. 5 metres in length and stood more than 2.6 metres tall.

A Life Reconstruction of the Newly Described Giant Dicynodont Lisowicia bojani

Picture credit: Karolina Suchan-Okulska

More than 1,000 Bones Recovered from a Clay Pit

The first fossil remains were found by Polish geologists Robert Borzęcki and Piotr Menducki in 2005, when they were exploring a clay pit which represented a river deposit from the Upper Triassic.  The dig site is close to the village of Lisowice, numerous field teams have been despatched to the area and over the last few years, more than 1,000 bones and bone fragments have been collected, including the fossilised remains of a giant dicynodont.  At first the scientists thought they had discovered the fossils of a sauropod, but soon it was realised that the large and robust bones represented a therapsid.

The genus name is in honour of the nearby village, whilst the trivial name honours the German comparative anatomist Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus.

Field Team Members Excavated Fossils from the Clay Pit (Silesia, southern Poland)

Picture credit: Dr Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki (Uppsala University)

Lisowicia bojani – Defining Dicynodonts

Dicynodonts (die-sigh-no-donts), are a group of extinct, synapsids which evolved during the Permian period.  These quadrupeds were herbivorous and belong to the Order Therapsida, which includes modern mammals.  It had been thought that by the Late Triassic, these animals had died out, the discovery of L. bojani from strata estimated to be around 210-205 million years old indicates that they persisted into the Late Triassic in Europe.  The fossilised remains of Lisowicia are at least ten million years younger than any previously described dicynodont fossil material.

Commenting on the discovery, Dr Tomasz Sulej (Polish Academy of Sciences) and one of the researchers involved in this study, stated:

“The discovery of Lisowicia changes our ideas about the latest history of dicynodonts, mammal Triassic relatives. It also raises far more questions about what really make them and dinosaurs so large.”

The Massive and Very Robust Limb Bones of Lisowicia bojani

Picture credit: Dr Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki (Uppsala University)

CollectA have produced a scale model of Lisowicia bojani: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life.

The discovery of Lisowicia provides the first evidence that mammal-like elephant sized dicynodonts were present at the same time as the more well-known long-necked Sauropodomorpha dinosaurs, contrary to previous belief.  Lisowicia fills a gap in the fossil record of dicynodonts and it shows that some anatomical features of limbs thought to characterize large mammals or dinosaurs evolved also in the non-mammalian synapsid.  Furthermore, these findings from Poland are the first substantial finds of dicynodonts from the Late Triassic in Europe.  Lisowicia is at least 40% bigger than any known dicynodont.

A Skeletal Drawing of Lisowicia bojani (Note Scale Bar)

Picture credit: Dr Tomasz Sulej (Polish Academy of Sciences)

Commenting on the significance of the fossil find, Dr Tomasz Sulej remarked:

“The discovery of such an important new species is a once in a lifetime discovery.”

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Macrocollum itaquii – Oldest Long-necked Sauropodomorph is Described

A team of scientists based in Brazil have described the fossilised remains of three Triassic dinosaurs that lived some 225 million years ago that shed light on the evolution of long-necks in plant-eating dinosaurs.  The new species, a member of the Sauropodomorpha, has been named Macrocollum itaquii, the genus name comes from the Greek for “long neck”, an appropriate moniker for a prehistoric animal that is helping to unravel the developmental history of the long-necked dinosaurs bauplan.

Macrocollum itaquii

Although Macrocollum is estimated to have measured about four metres in length and weighed approximately 100 kilograms, a lot smaller than later sauropods, some of which were the largest terrestrial animals to have ever lived, it is considerably bigger than older dinosaur fossil specimens found in South America, some of the earliest dinosaurs known, that lived around ten million years earlier and represent some of the very first dinosaurs to evolve.

A Life Reconstruction of Macrocollum itaquii

Picture credit: SWNS

The Rise of the Sauropodomorpha

Despite a number of recent fossil discoveries, palaeontologists have a relatively poor understanding of the rise of the sauropodomorphs, a group that includes some of the most famous of all the dinosaurs, giants such as Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus.

The fossil material, representing three individuals, was collected from the upper portion of the  Candelária Sequence of the Paraná Basin, from a site in Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil).  Nearby strata have been dated to the Norian faunal stage of the Late Triassic.  Writing in the academic journal “Biology Letters”, the researchers, which included biologist Rodrigo Müller from the Federal University of Santa Maria (Brazil), conclude that these three animals died together and therefore provide the oldest evidence of herding behaviour in sauropodomorphs described to date.

The proposal that the three individuals died together and as such, indicate gregarious behaviour, has been challenged by a number of academics.  It is possible that these three herbivores died at different times and the carcases just happened to be transported and ended up in association.

Commenting upon this, Rodrigo Müller explained:

“There are three articulated skeletons in five tons of rock.  This is unique.  It suggests these animals probably died together, as they share the same degree of disarticulation.  So, if they died together, these dinosaurs probably lived together.”

Long Necks and Long Thigh Bones

Two of the specimens include skull material, the holotype (CAPPA/UFSM (Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia) 0001a), is virtually complete and articulated.  It is one of the best preserved Triassic dinosaur skeletons ever found.  With such exceptionally well-preserved specimens the scientists have been able to conduct an analysis looking at how the long-neck of these types of dinosaurs evolved and study the femur (thigh bone), length to give an indication in the change of body size since the first plant-eating dinosaurs evolved.  In addition, these fossils have shed light on how these animals adapted to a fully herbivorous diet.

Macrocollum Fossil Material Has Helped Shed Light on Important Evolutionary Developments within the Sauropodomorpha

Picture credit: R T Müller et al in Biology Letters

The table above shows the phylogenetic position attributed to the newly described M. itaquii.  Based on this assessment it has been assigned to the Unaysauridae family, basal members of the Sauropoda, that are known from Triassic-aged rocks from the Southern Hemisphere (India and South America).  The discovery of Macrocollum has helped palaeontologists to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the long-neck of sauropods.  The cervical vertebrae (neck bones) of M. itaquii are already much more elongated than seen in earlier representatives of the Sauropodomorpha known from around 233 million years ago.  The teeth are more spatulate in shape, indicating an adaptation to a plant-eating diet and over this 8 million year period (233-225 million years ago), femora measurements demonstrate that sauropodomorphs increased in size by 230%.

Views of Skull Material Associated with M. itaquii

Picture credit: R T Müller et al in Biology Letters

The typical long neck was also established,  becoming proportionally twice as long than those necks of basal taxa.  Indeed, the new dinosaur is the oldest-known sauropodomorph with such an elongated neck, suggesting that the ability to feed on high vegetation was a key trait achieved along the early Norian.

Skeletal Reconstruction and Significant Bones Including Elongated Cervical Vertebrae

Picture credit: R T Müller et al in Biology Letters

The species name honours Mr José Jerundino Machado Itaqui, one of the main drivers behind the creation of the Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia and the Federal University of Santa Maria.

To read about the recent discovery of an Early Jurassic sauropod from China (Yizhousaurus sunae), that is helping palaeontologists to learn more about how some types of dinosaur were able to evolve into giants: Helping to Give Sauropod Evolution a Head Start.

To read about a giant Late Triassic sauropodomorph (Ingentia prima): Triassic Dinosaur Just Got a Lot Bigger.

The scientific paper: “An Exceptionally Preserved Association of Complete Dinosaur Skeletons Reveals the Oldest Long-necked Sauropodomorphs” by Rodrigo Temp Müller, Max Cardoso Langer and Sérgio Dias-da-Silva published in Biology Letters.

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

An Oregon Ornithopod

There may be many famous dinosaurs known from the United States of America, after all, when it comes to naming dinosaurs, Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus and Triceratops tend to trip off the tongue, but America’s dinosaur fossil heritage is not uniform across the whole country.  Several parts of the U.S. have no record of dinosaur discoveries, and numerous others have a very fragmentary record when it comes to the preserved remains of Dinosauria.  Oregon, the ninth largest State in terms of area, has a very poor dinosaur fossil record, however, a newly described fossil discovery made in the eastern part of the “Beaver State”, has got palaeontologists quite excited about the prospect of more dinosaur fossil finds being made.

The Toe Bone from a Dinosaur (Ornithopoda)

Writing in the “Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology”, scientists from the University of Oregon in collaboration with the University of Calgary (Canada), have published a paper on the discovery of a single toe bone from a plant-eating dinosaur – an extremely rare find considering that this part of north-western North America was underwater throughout most of the Mesozoic Era.

Various Views of the Single Dinosaur Toe Bone (Pedal Phalanx)

Picture credit: University of Oregon

The fossil bone was found by University of Oregon Earth Sciences Professor Greg Retallack during field work in 2015, near the town of Mitchell (Wheeler County, eastern Oregon).  The single bone was spotted amongst mollusc fossils exposed on a slope consisting of marine shale.  The fossil dates from the Albian fauna stage of the Cretaceous and is the first ever Oregon dinosaur fossil to be the subject of a paper in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.  Furthermore, it represents the first dinosaur fossil find from Oregon from strata not regarded as Upper Cretaceous.

Oregon might be bigger than the whole of the United Kingdom, but the Mesozoic-aged exposures represent marine sediments, that harbour very few remains of ancient terrestrial animals.

Greg Retallack stated:

“Oregon landscapes are rich with Cretaceous rocks, but they rarely contain the kinds of dinosaur remains we see elsewhere in the United States.  The rocks here are the right age but are mostly from under the sea where dinosaurs did not live or from swamps where dinosaur bones are seldom preserved.”

Not Able to Assign a Genus

Although, identified as a dinosaur bone (pedal phalanx), it is not possible to assign it to a specific species or genus, although the research team are confident that it came from a plant-eating ornithopod dinosaur.

An Illustration of a Typical Ornithopod Dinosaur

Picture credit: Edyta Felcyn

Co-author of the paper, Edward Davis (University of Oregon), explained that the remains of a terrestrial animal ended up in the mollusc bed, after having been swept out to sea.

He explained:

“It’s a phenomenon we sometimes call “bloat and float”.  That is, the animal died on shore in its terrestrial habitat, then was washed out to sea, where it floated while bloated with decomposition gasses.  Eventually it burst, and only this toe bone was entombed and became a fossil.”

A Sizeable Plant-eating Dinosaur

Although very little taxonomic information can be gained from a single, isolated toe bone, a size comparison with much more complete and better known Cretaceous ornithopods such as Tenontosaurus, suggests that this dinosaur may have been about six to seven metres long and weighed around a tonne.

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“Although such a fossil find in marine sediments is exceptionally rare, it just goes to show that dinosaurs fossils can be found and if there is one, then there may be more. Many of the Mesozoic-aged rocks in this part of Oregon represent near coastal marine deposits.  Given that dinosaurs would have roamed the land close to the sea for millions of years it is possible that more dinosaur remains might be found.”

To read an article published by Everything Dinosaur in 2015, which looks at which part of the United States are not associated with dinosaur fossils: Washington State the 37th U.S. State with a Dinosaur.

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.