New for 2022 Rebor Tyrannosaurus rex figures in stock at Everything Dinosaur. The Rebor T. rex Kiss Mountain and the Rebor T. rex Tusk King T. rex Requiem figures have arrived at Everything Dinosaur’s warehouse. The “Kiss” figure has been given lips, whilst the “Tusk” replica has a more typical overbite as seen in earlier Rebor tyrannosaurs.
The Rebor Kiss T. rex figure (Mountain), this tyrannosaur model has been given lips. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
The Rebor T. rex Kiss Mountain Model
The Rebor T. rex Kiss Mountain model measures a little over 40 cm in length and that impressive head stands around 14 cm off the ground. Like its counterpart figure T. rex Tusk, this figure has a declared scale of 1:35.
A dinosaur model with lips. The new for 2022 Rebor T. rex Kiss Mountain model in 1:35 scale. A wonderful model of a Tyrannosaurus rex. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
Rebor T. rex Tusk King T. rex Requiem Model
The Rebor T. rex figure called Tusk (T. rex Tusk King T. rex Requiem) has a colouration superficially similar to the original Rebor King T. rex, which was the second tyrannosauroid model to be made by Rebor. It has an articulated jaw and moveable arms, but depicts this iconic tyrannosaur without lips. Tusk is the same size and scale as the Kiss figure.
Such is the stability of these excellent theropods, that they were able to be placed on the office carpet without the need of the clear, plastic support that is supplied with these figures.
The Rebor T. rex Tusk King T. rex Requiem model is supplied with a transparent plastic support base, but our models appear quite stable even standing on our office carpet without the need for the support stand. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
Both models have been beautifully painted and show some stunning details. A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented on the impressive lacrimal crests of these models, particularly the crimson-coloured crests of Tusk.
A close-up view of the detail on the head of the Rebor T. rex Tusk dinosaur model. The Rebor figure has most impressive lacrimal crests. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
Everything Dinosaur has commissioned a Patagotitan scale drawing as the company prepares for the arrive of a Patagotitan model from Safari Ltd. The Wild Safari Prehistoric World Patagotitan replica is due to arrive in stock at Everything Dinosaur in just a few days. This titanosaur figure is a new for 2022 Safari Ltd dinosaur model.
A Scale Drawing of the Huge Titanosaur Patagotitan mayorum
A scale drawing of the giant titanosaur Patagotitan mayorum commissioned by Everything Dinosaur. This huge dinosaur was estimated to have measured around 35 metres when its fossil bones were initially examined. When Patagotitan was formally named and scientifically described its body size and weight was reduced slightly. However, a reconstructed, life-size skeleton was built measuring 37.2 metres in length. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
Wild Safari Prehistoric World Patagotitan Model
Fortunately for Everything Dinosaur’s packing team, the Wild Safari Prehistoric World Patagotitan model is not a life-size replica. At more than thirty metres in length, this dinosaur could just about fit inside our warehouse, but it would be a tight squeeze.
The model is quite sizeable it measures a fraction over 38 cm in length, which if you consider the replica as a scale model, it would have a scale ratio of around 1:100.
Giant Dinosaur Fossils
Giant fossils of at least seven individual titanosaurs were discovered in southern Argentina in 2014. After an extensive study, this dinosaur was finally named in 2017. Perhaps one of the largest land animals to have ever lived, the binomial scientific name is Patagotitan mayorum. The name translates as “the Mayo family’s Patagonian titan”, as the fossils were found on the Mayo ranch in Patagonia.
The new for 2022 Wild Safari Prehistoric World Patagotitan model. This titanosaur model measures over 38 cm long which effectively makes this figure a 1:100 scale model.
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur confirmed that the new for 2022 Patagotitan model should be in stock at Everything Dinosaur in a few days.
The editor of “Prehistoric Times” magazine sent Everything Dinosaur a preview of the front cover of the next edition (issue 143). The stunning illustration is by Jaime Chirinos, a celebrated palaeoartist who has provided artwork for numerous media releases associated with scientific papers.
The front cover of “Prehistoric Times” issue 143 (fall/autumn) 2022. The front cover illustration depicts an Auriornis – a controversial Chinese, crow-sized theropod. The superb illustration is by Jaime Chirinos.
Auriornis xui
The small, feathered animal attempting to catch an insect on the cover of the magazine is the controversial Auriornis (A. xui). This theropod measured around fifty centimetres in length and it was formally named and scientifically described in 2013 (Godefroit et al).
The fossil material was acquired from a local dealer who claimed that the specimen came from exposures of the Tiaojishan Formation. This geological formation has been dated to the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian faunal stage) and it was proposed that Auriornis lived approximately 160 million years ago. This would make Auriornis one of the earliest avialans known to science, pre-dating the famous Archaeopteryx by around 10 million years.
Unfortunately, the provenance of the fossil material is difficult to prove. It has been suggested that this fossil is much younger than previously thought. The holotype may have come from exposures of the Yixian Formation which would suggest that this little hunter lived in the Early Cretaceous around 130 to 112 million years ago.
Perhaps issue 143 of “Prehistoric Times” magazine or a future edition will examine in detail the evidence relating to the dating of the Auriornis fossil material.
“Prehistoric Times” Magazine
We do know that the next edition of this popular quarterly magazine will include an in-depth interview with Steve Brusatte. Following on from Steve’s highly acclaimed book “The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs”, he has produced a follow-up looking at the success of the Mammalia. The new book is entitled “The Rise and Reign of the Mammals” and in the latest edition of the magazine Steve talks about what inspired him to produce this new book and his work as a vertebrate palaeontologist.
Researchers have discovered a 380-million-year-old fossilised heart, along with other internal organs of prehistoric fish. This exciting discovery is not only helping palaeontologists to understand the internal organs of placoderms, these fossils are also providing a fresh perspective on our own evolution.
The Gogo fish fossil where the 380-million-year-old, 3-D preserved heart was discovered by the research team. Picture credit: Curtin University.
Fossilised Internal Organs in Ancient Armoured, Jawed Fish
The remarkably well-preserved fossils representing the Devonian placoderm Compagopiscis, come from the famous Gogo Formation, in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The Gogo Lagerstätte preserves the fauna that once thrived on an ancient, shallow water reef. The fossils are thought to be around 380 million years old (Frasnian faunal stage of the Late Devonian).
Gogo fish diorama at the West Australia Museum Boola Bardip depicting the typical fauna associated with the Gogo Lagerstätte. Typical inhabitants of a tropical reef that existed approximately 380 million years ago. Picture credit: Curtin University.
Soft Tissues Including Liver and Intestines but No Evidence of Lungs
The international research team led by scientists from Curtin University and the Western Australia Museum have published their findings in the academic journal “Science”. They have identified a number of internal organs preserved in three-dimensions including the liver and intestines. Additionally, the fossils show that the lungs are absent, refuting the hypothesis that lungs are ancestral in jawed vertebrates.
CT scans and interpretive models showing the heart of the placoderm Compagopiscis. Picture credit: Curtin University.
Details Revealed by Computerised Tomography
In collaboration with scientists at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation in Sydney and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, researchers used neutron beams and synchrotron x-rays to scan the specimens, still embedded in limestone concretions. They constructed three-dimensional, computer-generated images of the soft tissues inside them based on the different densities of minerals deposited by the bacteria and the surrounding rock matrix.
Lead researcher and John Curtin Distinguished Professor Kate Trinajstic (Curtin’s School of Molecular and Life Sciences and the Western Australian Museum), commented that to find three-dimensionally preserved tissues in Devonian fossils was an extremely rare event.
Professor Trinajstic explained:
“As a palaeontologist who has studied fossils for more than 20 years, I was truly amazed to find a 3-D and beautifully preserved heart in a 380-million-year-old ancestor. Evolution is often thought of as a series of small steps, but these ancient fossils suggest there was a larger leap between jawless and jawed vertebrates. These fish literally have their hearts in their mouths and under their gills – just like sharks today.”
The Complex Heart of an Arthrodiran
This is the first time a 3-D representation of the heart of a member of the Arthrodira has been found. The Arthrodira are an extinct Order of jawed, armoured fish within the Class Placodermi. They thrived in the Devonian and some arthrodirans evolved into apex predators such as the huge Dunkleosteus.
The spectacular Dunkleosteus exhibit. A giant apex predator of the Devonian. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
The surprising complex heart is s-shaped and consists of two chambers with the smaller chamber sitting on top. Professor Trinajstic stated that these features were advanced in such early vertebrates, offering scientists a unique perspective on how the head and neck region began to change to accommodate jaws, a critical stage in the evolution of animals with backbones.
Reconstruction of arthrodire internal anatomy. Picture credit: Curtin University.
Learning About the Anatomy of a Primitive Jawed Fish
The discovery and subsequent detailed analysis of these mineralised soft tissues, in combination with earlier studies looking at muscle structure, placoderm embryos and evidence of viviparity makes the Gogo Lagerstätte an exceptionally important fossil resource as researchers strive to improve their knowledge of early vertebrates.
Professor Trinajstic added:
“For the first time, we can see all the organs together in a primitive jawed fish, and we were especially surprised to learn that they were not so different from us. However, there was one critical difference – the liver was large and enabled the fish to remain buoyant, just like sharks today. Some of today’s bony fish such as lungfish and bichirs have lungs that evolved from swim bladders, but it was significant that we found no evidence of lungs in any of the extinct armoured fishes we examined, which suggests that they evolved independently in the bony fishes at a later date.”
Professor Kate Trinajstic inspects the ancient fossils at the Western Australia Museum Boola Bardip. Picture credit: Curtin University.
The Stuff of Palaeontologists’ Dreams
Co-author of the scientific paper, Professor John Long (Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia) commented:
“These new discoveries of soft organs in these ancient fishes are truly the stuff of palaeontologists’ dreams, for without doubt these fossils are the best preserved in the world for this age. They show the value of the Gogo fossils for understanding the big steps in our distant evolution. Gogo has given us world firsts, from the origins of sex to the oldest vertebrate heart, and is now one of the most significant fossil sites in the world. It’s time the site was seriously considered for world heritage status.”
A cladogram depicting the evolution of the heart in early vertebrates. Picture credit: Curtin University.
Co-author of the paper Professor Per Ahlberg (Uppsala University, Sweden) explained that access to state-of-the-art, non-destructive scanning technology enabled scientists to make such exceptional discoveries.
Professor Ahlberg explained:
“What’s really exceptional about the Gogo fishes is that their soft tissues are preserved in three dimensions. Most cases of soft-tissue preservation are found in flattened fossils, where the soft anatomy is little more than a stain on the rock. We are also very fortunate in that modern scanning techniques allow us to study these fragile soft tissues without destroying them. A couple of decades ago, the project would have been impossible.”
The preserved stomach of a Gogo fish fossil under the microscope. Picture credit: Curtin University.
A Collaborative Effort
The research was truly a collaborative effort not only involving the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, but also scientists from Flinders University, the Western Australian Museum, Uppsala University, South Australia Museum and Monash University’s Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute.
Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from Curtin University in the compilation of this article.
The scientific paper: “Exceptional preservation of organs in Devonian placoderms from the Gogo lagerstätte” by Kate Trinajstic, John A. Long, Sophie Sanchez, Catherine A. Boisvert, Daniel Snitting, Paul Tafforeau, Vincent Dupret, Alice M. Clement, Peter D. Currie, Brett Roelofs, Joseph J. Bevitt, Michael S. Y. Lee and Per E. Ahlberg published in the journal Science.
A pair of Beasts of the Mesozoic articulated dinosaur models on display in a carefully selected garden setting. The Albertaceratops and Psittacosaurus models look very photogenic. Our thanks to Caldey who sent into Everything Dinosaur some photographs of the latest additions to her prehistoric animal model collection.
The Beasts of the Mesozoic Albertaceratops dinosaur model. The photographer has taken great care to ensure that the foliage included in the shot looks in proportion to this large dinosaur. Picture credit: Caldey.
Taking advantage of a sunny day, Caldey took some of her new acquisitions out into the garden to take some photographs. She carefully selected appropriate backdrops, wanting to shoot images of vegetation that gave an impression of scale and size. The choice of plants included in the pictures was important to Caldey, she wanted to include plants and other foliage that might be in keeping with the ancient environments that these dinosaurs lived in.
For the Albertaceratops, which roamed North America during the Late Cretaceous approximately 78-76 million years ago (Campanian faunal stage of the Cretaceous), this task was not too onerous. Albertaceratops would have been familiar with many of the plants and trees commonly found in gardens today. However, for the Psittacosaurus, selecting a suitable background could be a little more challenging.
The Beasts of the Mesozoic Psittacosaurus model goes for a stroll in the garden. Picture credit: Caldey.
Psittacosaurus is known from the Early Cretaceous. This dinosaur having a much wider geographical distribution when compared to the distantly related Albertaceratops. It also had a much larger temporal range. Caldey has selected a background with fewer angiosperms (flowering plants), which is in keeping with the palaeoenvironment associated with the Psittacosaurus genus.
Our thanks to Caldey for sending into Everything Dinosaur her carefully conceived dinosaur photographs.
Team members at Everything Dinosaur have been most impressed with the new for 2022 CollectA deluxe 1:40 scale Triceratops horridus dinosaur model. This new, horned dinosaur figure is largely based on the fossil specimen nicknamed “Horridus” which is on display at Melbourne Museum (Victoria, Australia).
CollectA Triceratops horridus dinosaur model (left lateral view). This 1:40 scale dinosaur model is based on the fossilised remains of a Triceratops that is the centrepiece of an exhibition at Melbourne Museum in Victoria, Australia. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
Triceratops horridus
The Museums Victoria Triceratops fossils, representing some 87% of the bones from an individual animal, were excavated from Upper Cretaceous (Hell Creek Formation) deposits in Montana (USA). The bones from the tail (caudal vertebrae) were almost all present, and for the first time palaeontologists were able to accurately re-create the tail of this iconic dinosaur. The CollectA Deluxe 1:40 scale Triceratops figure reflects the data, and the tail is in proportion with the rest of the dinosaur model.
In addition, the excellent condition of the skull bones and the frill of this dinosaur enabled the design team at CollectA to accurately reconstruct the head of a Triceratops. The Montana specimen has the most complete skull and neck frill of any Triceratops found to date. The bones make up more than 99% of the skull skeletal material. CollectA have been able to use this skeleton to accurately depict the head and the neck frill on their dinosaur model.
The Skin of a Triceratops
The beautifully detailed skin of the CollectA T. horridus model is based on a second Triceratops fossil nicknamed “Lane” from the Lance Formation. These fossils (specimen number BHI-6273) include stunning skin impressions that indicate that Triceratops had a skin like no other known ornithishcian. Triceratops was covered in large scales, many of which were hexagonal in shape. In addition, this dinosaur had raised, conical tubercles embedded in its skin some of which were over 10 cm in diameter.
A close-up view of the skin texture on the new for 2022 CollectA Deluxe Triceratops horridus model. The texture accurately reflects the known fossil record. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
No formal scientific paper has been published yet on the skin of “three-horned face”. These fossils are on display at the Houston Museum of Natural Science (Texas).
Team members at Everything Dinosaur congratulate CollectA for creating such a magnificent Triceratops horridus dinosaur model.
Everything Dinosaur has continued to maintain its 5-star customer service rating with the independent ratings agency Feefo. The UK-based company that specialises in the sale of dinosaur models, toys and games has maintained its extremely high rating for customer service, despite the current economic difficulties and global supply issues.
Everything Dinosaur’s certificate confirming the Platinum Trusted Service Award. Everything Dinosaur has been able to maintain its extremely high customer service rating throughout the first three quarters of 2022.
There are currently over four hundred independent, genuine customer reviews about Everything Dinosaur on Feefo’s website. The feedback and comments come from customers from all over the world, from Europe, the USA, Canada, Asia and Australia/New Zealand.
A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:
“We are grateful for all the feedback and comments that we receive. We are truly humbled to have been able to maintain top marks for our customer service and product quality despite the unprecedented difficulties surrounding the trading environment at the moment.”
Recent Examples of Customer Feedback
Typical examples of customer feedback received by Everything Dinosaur include this comment from long-time customer Mary:
“Everything Dinosaur did their usual trick of making us feel like their only customers, keeping us advised where the order was at all times, and in general making buying dinosaurs absolutely painless!”
Linda provided feedback stating:
“Great people to deal with. Always answer all questions nearly immediately. The products are such high quality. Love everything dinosaurs you’re the best!!!!!!”
Fabrizio wrote from Italy:
“Really good service.”
A few days earlier we heard from Rafael from Brazil who sent feedback stating:
“Ótimo serviço. Em relação ao produto estava tudo nos conformes. Comprarei novamente.”
Team members at Everything Dinosaur replied in Brazilian Portuguese thanking him for his comments which roughly translate as:
“Great service. In relation to the product everything was in compliance. I will buy again.”
Everything Dinosaur wins the Platinum Service Award in 2022. Everything Dinosaur has won numerous awards for its customer service.
The spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur added that team members were working hard to maintain customer service standards as they prepare for the busy fourth quarter trading period. He thanked all the customers who had taken the time and trouble to leave feedback.
An analysis of the teeth of a small shrew-like animal known as Brasilodon quadrangularis from Upper Triassic strata in the Paraná Basin of Brazil indicates that its fossils might represent the lineage towards true mammals. As such, it pushes back the origins of Mammaliaformes by 20 million years.
Analysis of three lower jaws from B. quadrangularis, each jaw representing a different growth stage demonstrates diphyodont dentition, a key characteristic of mammals.
A life reconstruction of Brasilodon quadrangularis a contemporary of some of the oldest dinosaurs, one of which can be seen in the background. Picture credit: 2022 Anatomical Society Wiley.
Diphyodonty a Trait of Mammals and Their Near Relatives
Brasilodon is the oldest extinct vertebrate with two successive sets of teeth which includes only one set of replacements (diphyodonty). The first set starts developing during the embryonic stage and a second and last set of teeth develops once the animal is born. The dental replacement pattern occurs with the same temporal and morphological pattern that is a key feature of mammals. This differs from that of reptiles who regenerate new teeth multiple times during their lives, (polyphyodonty).
Researchers from the London Natural History Museum and King’s College London contributed to this international research programme which was led by scientists from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.
Corresponding author of the paper, published in the “Journal of Anatomy”, Dr Martha Richter (Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum), commented:
“Comparative studies with recent mammal dentitions and tooth replacement modes suggest that this [B. quadrangularis] was a placental, relatively short-lived animal. Dated at 225.42 million years old, this is the oldest known mammal in the fossil record contributing to our understanding of the ecological landscape of this period and the evolution of modern mammals.”
20 Million Years Older than Morganucodon
The genus Morganucodon had been thought to represent the earliest mammaliaform, its fossils having been found in Europe (Wales), China and North America. Morganucodon fossil material is associated with the very latest Norian and the Rhaetian faunal stages of the Late Triassic. However, the genus Brasilodon is associated with much older Triassic deposition which took place around 225 million years ago.
A model of the Late Triassic mammaliaform Morganucodon. Picture credit: University of Birmingham.
Mammalian Characteristics
Diphyodonty is a complex and unique phenomenon that along with tooth replacement involves profound, time-controlled changes to the skull anatomy, for instance the closure of the secondary palate (the roof of the mouth) that permits the young to suckle, while breathing at the same time. It has also been shown to be linked to endothermy and even placentation (live birth) and that other significant mammalian trait, the growth of hair and fur.
Brasilodon comes from the Caturrita Formation which preserves a rich assemblage of fossil vertebrates including sphenodonts, lepidosaurs, rhynchosaurs, dicynodonts and numerous cynodonts as well as silesaurids and dinosaurs (theropods and sauropodomorphs). Fossils also found in this formation hint at an ancestor of the Pterosauria (Faxinalipterus).
Brasilodon probably lived in burrows like many rodents today.
Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a press release from the Natural History Museum (London) in the compilation of this article.
The scientific paper: “Diphyodont tooth replacement of Brasilodon—A Late Triassic eucynodont that challenges the time of origin of mammals” by Sergio F. Cabreira, Cesar L. Schultz, Lúcio R. da Silva, Luiz Henrique Puricelli Lora, Cristiane Pakulski, Rodrigo C. B. do Rêgo, Marina B. Soares, Moya Meredith Smith and Martha Richter published in the Journal of Anatomy.
The two CollectA deluxe 1:15 scale dinosaur models are back in stock at Everything Dinosaur. The 1:15 scale Triceratops and the 1:15 scale T. rex are available once again. These popular figures are the largest figures in the CollectA Prehistoric World model series.
The 1:15 scale Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur model from CollectA.
The CollectA 1:15 scale Tyrannosaurus rex Dinosaur Model
The CollectA 1:15 scale Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur model is huge! It measures 93 cm long and the end of the tail is around 44 cm off the ground. The T. rex figure is estimated to be approximately the size of a baby Tyrannosaurus rex at around a month old.
This hand-painted model is beautifully detailed, and it is presented on its own display base.
The carry case for the CollectA 1:15 Triceratops and the 1:15 T. rex dinosaur model. The red dot denotes that this carry case contains the Triceratops figure. The box is huge, as are the models inside, note how small Everything Dinosaur’s bespoke cardboard boxes that they use for model packaging look in the photograph. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
The CollectA Deluxe 1:15 scale Triceratops Dinosaur Model
The CollectA 1:15 scale Triceratops dinosaur model. A dinosaur model based on the latest scientific interpretation of an iconic ceratopsian.
Hand-painted and with stunning, skin texture this is a Triceratops dinosaur model based on the latest scientific evidence. Both the 1:15 scale Triceratops and the 1:15 scale Tyrannosaurus rex figures have proved extremely popular with dinosaur fans and model collectors.
The Triceratops model measures 72 cm in length and those impressive brow horns are around 30 cm off the ground.
The measurements of both the crouching T. rex and the Triceratops figures are given on the side of the model’s carry case. The 1:15 scale T. rex model measures 93 cm in length and the Triceratops is around 70 cm long. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.
