Parental Care – Fathers helping to Brood the Eggs

Parental care is a behaviour strongly associated with warm-blooded animals such as mammals and birds, however was parental care a dinosaur trait too?  From a human perspective, we can perceive a strong emotional tie between a mother and her offspring when we view the behaviour of a female chimp with her baby, we often superimpose human emotions onto our primate relatives.  Whether all the higher apes are capable of exhibiting such a range of emotions is open to debate.  Scientists and anthropologists frequently disagree over the breadth and depth of emotions that apes are able to exhibit, after all, our humanity and ability to express emotions and respond to others and their emotions is one of the defining characteristics of being human.

Parental Care

We perceive most mammals as having a strong bond between themselves and their young.  From a scientific perspective, mammals invest a great deal in the next generation, the females carry the embryos inside them (monotremes excepted), as opposed to the egg-laying birds and reptiles; the other members of the group of animals called amniotes.  An amniote is an animal whose young is internally fertilised.  In reptiles and birds the embryo is surrounded by fluid and is protected by a protective shell – an egg.  In virtually, all mammals, the developing embryo is also surrounded by fluid but is retained inside the mother’s body for some time before birth.

Maternal and paternal behaviours are easy to impose on fur covered mammals but with the cold-blooded reptiles it is perhaps more difficult to associate these alien looking, scaly creatures with parental responsibility.  We now know that a number of species of reptile demonstrate some form of parental care, in extant reptiles, this is perhaps developed to the highest degree by the crocodilians, those reptiles alive today that are most closely related to dinosaurs.

Dinosaur Trait

For many years, white European explorers did not believe the stories told to them by the native American Indians about Alligators looking after their young.  Scientists now know that Alligators, along with other types of crocodilian show a strong bond between their offspring and even the nest in which the eggs were laid.  Female Alligators guard the nesting sites, protecting the eggs as they incubate.  When alerted by the chirping and pipping sounds made by the young as they are about to hatch, the females will dig the nest out and escort the brood down to a nursery area, carrying many of the newly hatched baby Alligators in her jaws.  When first observed by Europeans, this behaviour was thought to be cannibalism, reinforcing the beliefs about the cold-blooded and uncaring reptiles.  Many text books written as late as the 1970s documented this behaviour and cited it as evidence of the harsh and cruel nature of crocodiles.

When the role of mammal parents is considered, the burden of responsibility for the brood and the rearing of young lies very much with the female.  In many species of mammals, the male has nothing further to do with the parenting process after mating.  Male tigers, for example, leave the impregnated female to fend for herself, give birth and to raise the cubs.  These cubs may stay with their mother for as long as two years.  The male plays no real role in raising the family – although they may offer protection indirectly by maintaining a territory and keeping rival males at bay.

With modern species of birds, in contrast, the male usually plays a role in brooding the clutch of eggs and helping to feed the hatch-lings.  Indeed, with some species of birds such as the Ostrich, it is the male who carries out the greater portion of the parental duties.  A new research paper, published in the professional journal “Science” suggests that birds may have inherited their brooding behaviours from theropod dinosaurs.

A Place for the Father – A Fossil Theropod Nest

An Oviraptor dinosaur sitting on her nest.  Picture taken by Everything Dinosaur team members (Frankfurt). Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture above is of a fossil nest of a dinosaur.  By studying the unborn, baby dinosaurs preserved inside the eggs, scientists have been able to determine that this was the nest of a oviraptorid dinosaur – a member of the theropod group.

Studying Birds

In more than 90% of modern bird species (neornithes), it is the male parent that volunteers to sit on and incubate eggs in the nest.  By comparison, males contribute to parental care in fewer than 5% of mammals and even more rarely among crocodiles, lizards and snakes.  With the majority of the mammals and reptiles it is the girls that do all the work when it comes to raising the youngsters.

However, the remains of several types of Cretaceous theropods, bird-like dinosaurs have been found in association with fossil nests.  Scientists believe that these dinosaurs were brooding the clutch of eggs, adopting what we would recognise as bird-like incubating and protecting behaviours.  The research paper, puts forward evidence to suggest that the animals brooding the nest were actually the males – but how can a scientist be certain of the sex of an animal when they only have the fossilised skeletal remains to go on?

Eggshell Formation

It is thought that theropod dinosaurs laid their clutches of eggs all in one sitting, laying eggs using both their oviducts, hence the eggs are laid in pairs and this can be seen in the picture of the fossilised theropod nest above.  In contrast, birds only have one oviduct this is believed to be an adaptation for flight, the birds evolving a lighter skeleton and losing an oviduct to save weight.  To produce the eggshells the female needs a source of calcium and phosphorous to help her make the protective shell for her embryos.  These minerals are sourced from her own bones.  Specialised reproductive bone tissue is laid down inside the bones of the female during ovulation. This extra bone tissue is converted into the resources required to produce the eggshells.  The bone used in this process is called medullary bone.  Once the temporary tissue has provided the necessary calcium and other minerals for eggshell formation; it is completely reabsorbed into the body but tell-tale bone cavities are left behind for a time after the egg-laying and if identified within a fossil bone, this is strongly indicative of the fossil bones belonging to a female dinosaur.

Medullary bone is only found in modern female birds, no other egg-laying animals, including crocodiles produce this special bone tissue naturally.

The researchers led by Dr David Varricchio of Montana State University examined the fossilised bones of three species of theropod dinosaur – Troodon formosus, Oviraptor philoceratops and Citipati osmolskae, (another oviraptorid dinosaur from Mongolia).  The fossils had all been found in association with nests and many of the specimens had been preserved in a brooding like posture.  The researchers examined the internal structure of the fossilised bones, looking for bone cavities that would have been left after the process of egg formation.  The lack of any evidence for bone cavities, led the scientists to conclude that these fossils represented males.  The assumption being that these were the fathers and that they were brooding the nests, a behaviour seen in most types of modern bird.

Generalising for a moment, in birds, large clutches of eggs are associated with paternal care (the male doing most of the brooding work).  Small clutch volumes are associated with care by both parents and medium clutch volumes with maternal care, the female doing the majority of the sitting on the nest.

Commenting on the conclusions drawn from this study Dr Varricchio stated:

“Paternal care in both troodontids and oviraptorids indicates that this care system evolved before the emergence of birds and represents birds’ ancestral condition”.

So perhaps, next Spring, when you see a male garden bird dusting his feathers or taking a dip in a puddle to refresh himself as he takes a break from his incubating duties you could dwell on that behavioural trait being a direct link between the birds you see in the garden and their dinosaur ancestors.

Deducing Behaviour from the Fossil Record

Deducing behaviour patterns from the fossil record is an extremely difficult process.  Many theories can be put forward, but the trouble is, it is very difficult without the living species to prove a behaviour conclusively.  The role of males and females in rearing dinosaurs will debated for many years to come, perhaps more fossils of dinosaur nests will be found and more evidence gathered.  One of the problems with relying on bone cavities to assess the sex of a fossil is that it is often difficult to analyse the internal structure of the bone in its permineralised (fossilised state).  Another problem is that their is no real chronological record left in the fossil record when it comes to studying dinosaur nests.  It is unclear how long the incubation period would be.  With birds for example, the gestation period can be 3 weeks with a reptile, such as an Alligator it can take up to 75 days for eggs to hatch.  With limited information available on the gestation period for dinosaurs, it is possible that the bone tissue could have returned to normal and bone cavities would not be present after a period of brooding on the nest.  If this is the case then the fossil specimens found in association with dinosaur nests could be female, the cavities could simply be no longer present by the time the animal died.

Visit Everything Dinosaur’s award-winning website: Everything Dinosaur.

Discovery of new Cretaceous Pterosaur Announced

The latest edition of the scientific journal Palaeontology contains a paper on a new type of pterosaur, written by a team of researchers from Portsmouth University.  This new type of flying reptile has been named and described, despite the compressed nature of the specimen and the fact that car body filler was used in the excavation to hold all the fragments of bone in place.

New Pterosaur Discovery

The animal has been named Lacusovagus magnificens (means magnificent lake wanderer), a flying reptile with an estimated wingspan of 5 metres and standing as tall as a grizzly bear.  Although, a very imposing creature, the hollow bones and other anatomical adaptations for flight would have made this animal extremely light, perhaps weighing less than a 12 year-old child.

Lacusovagus magnificens

The fossil was discovered in the Araripe Basin, in north-east Brazil.  This specimen is providing a fresh insight into the evolution and spread of Pterosaurs as this particular creature’s nearest relatives originate from China.  The skull material is the most important part of the fossil, allowing palaeontologists to establish taxonomic relationships between different species and genera.  Lacusovagus is the biggest Pterosaur of this type found to date, most of the Chinese specimens had wingspans of less than one metre.

An Illustration of Lacusovagus magnificens

Picture credit: Mark Witton/University of Portsmouth

This toothless pterosaur (the technical term for flying reptiles – the name means winged lizard), has been dated to approximately 115 million years ago (Aptian faunal stage), but the pterosaur fossil record dates back much further into the Triassic.  These animals were the first vertebrates to develop powered flight.  Unfortunately, the remains were first discovered were so fragile that it was decided to protect them by covering them with car filler.  This certainly helped strengthen the fossil and aided the recovery process but the preparation of this specimen has proved to be extremely difficult as researchers tried to remove filler so that they could study the fossil bone.

The Car Filler Problem

The car filler was so difficult to remove, that the research team had to make do with examining the small pieces that were exposed out of the limestone and car filer matrix and rely on CAT scans of the block of stone to reveal more internal detail.

Mark Witton, the University of Portsmouth academic who identified the specimen, broke several tools trying to cut through the filler, unfortunately, this is not the first time an inappropriate material has been used in the fossil preservation process.  Another Brazilian fossil, this time of a dinosaur from strata dating from the the later Albian faunal stage proved extremely difficult for the scientists to research properly.  A skull of an unknown type of dinosaur was researched by British palaeontologist David Martill, also from the University of Portsmouth.  Unfortunately, the 80 cm skull had been doctored, with bits of filler and plaster added to make the specimen look more exciting and hence more valuable.  So frustrated by the “extra bits” added by the finder hoping to make more money from the sale, that the team reflected their angst in the naming of this particular dinosaur – it was called Irritator.

Commenting on the preservation status of this new pterosaur find, Mark Witton stated:

“The specimen was quite fragile so the guys who were collecting it – probably quarrymen – very sensibly decided to put a large slab of limestone underneath to strengthen it.  Unfortunately, they used car body filler as the glue. The infernal car filler was a real cow to get through. I don’t know how many tools I broke trying to cut it”.

Unlike the Irritator case, Mark does not believe that these people intended to defraud.

“I’m sure it was used with the best of intentions but the person who did it perhaps hadn’t thought it through,” he added.

Interpreting the Fossil Specimen

Further problems in interpreting the remains were encountered because the skull was misshapen and compressed.  The distorted skull fragments make interpretation very difficult, the position of this fossil in the matrix was quite unusual and this added to the preparation problems.

“Usually fossils like this are found lying on their sides, but this one was lying on the roof of its mouth and had been rather squashed, which made even figuring out whether it had teeth difficult.”

The skull of this particular flying reptile was much wider than is usual for pterosaurs and Mark Witton has suggested that it had a wide throat, which would have vastly increased the range of prey available to it. pterosaurs are widely thought of as fish-eaters, but he said it was likely that the new species would have eaten small dinosaurs, which it would have swallowed whole.  The toothless beak and wide throat would have enabled it to catch and swallow various prey animals – perhaps moving in groups across the fern plains flushing out lizards, mammals and even small dinosaurs a bit like the lifestyle of the Marabou stork in Africa.

This particular habit has been proposed for pterosaurs before.   In an earlier blog article we reported on Mark Witton’s work on the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus and speculation about these extremely large creatures having a more terrestrial lifestyle than previously thought.

To read this article: Getting stalked by a flock of Quetzalcoatlus.

For Mark and his team, fossils such as this one from Brazil are providing new insights into these amazing animals.

Brazil is becoming quite famous for pterosaur finds, a number of new genera have been identified from the Santana Formation of Brazil, a series of rock strata dating from the Early Cretaceous.  Both toothless and toothed types of pterosaur have been found in the upper layers of the Santana Formation, including the toothed flying reptile Anhanguera (name means old devil).  Those pterosaurs with teeth in their beaks were probably fish-feeders, swooping low over the sea (the early Atlantic ocean) and catching fish in their toothed beaks.

An Illustration of Anhanguera (Toothed Pterosaur)

Anhanguera illustrated.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view models of pterosaurs and flying reptiles: Pterosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

Switzerland – Famous for Cuckoo Clocks, Army Knives and now Jurassic Crocodiles

The village of Courtedoux in the district of Porrentruy, Switzerland may be hundreds of metres above sea-level today, but rocks dating from the Jurassic show that this area was once part of a shallow, tropical sea full of dangerous marine reptiles such as prehsitorc crocodiles.

For much of the Jurassic period (206 – 144 million years approximately), Europe was covered in warm, shallow seas that teemed with ancient life.  Swimming amongst the ammonites, belemnites and ichthyosaurs was a species of marine crocodile, the remains of one such specimen have been found near the village of Courtedoux.

Prehistoric Crocodiles

A team of researchers have announced the discovery of a 150 million-year-old fossil of an ancient crocodile, a genus called Metrioryhnchus, the first time that such a specimen has been found in Switzerland.

The area around Courtedoux is well-known for its dinosaur and other ancient fossils.  In fact fossilised trackways of Diplodocus-like footprints have been found nearby, along with a total of nearly 4,000 vertebrate fossils , all dating from the Jurassic period.  The foot prints indicate that the geology of this area has strata deposited in terrestrial as well as marine environments.  The area has been thoroughly researched over the years but new discoveries are being made all the time, such as this new crocodile.

Fossils of Metriorhynchus have been found in the UK, France and in South America (Metriorhynchus potens).

A distant relative of modern crocodiles this animal had adapted to an almost entirely marine existence, perhaps females only returned to land to lay eggs, like marine turtles.  The limbs had evolved into four strong flippers and the tail had broadened and flattened out to provide propulsion through the water.

This marine crocodile grew to lengths of over 3 metres and the many needle-like teeth in the narrow jaws indicate that it was a specialised fish and cephalopod eater.  Perhaps it fed on the many different types of ammonite and belemnite that shared its habitat.

An Illustration of Metriorhynchus

Picture credit: Illustrations of Prehistoric Animals of South America

Metriorhynchus

Metriorhynchus is pronounced met-ree-oh-rink-us, the name means “moderate snout”.  This particular fossil, found in the Porrentruy district in the west of Switzerland is dated to approximately 150 million years ago, although other fossil finds of this particular genus of marine crocodile have been dated from as early as 165 million years ago (Bathonian faunal stage).

Porrentruy district is in the canton of Jura, the Jurassic period is named after the Jura Mountains that cover much of this region.  It was the French chemist Alexandre Brongniart who named the Jurassic.

Scientists believe that this type of marine reptile was an opportunistic feeder, catching ammonites and belemnites as well as being capable of snatching pterosaurs as they swooped low over the sea.

ammonites and belemnites are cephalopods, related to squid and cuttlefish.  As a group these type of creatures are extremely important to scientists as ammonite and belemnite fossils can help to identify the relative age of widely separated areas of sedimentary rock.

Fossils of these creatures are very common and particularly diverse, scientists can use the different types of ammonite/belemnite fossil found in layers of rock to work out the sequence in which the sediments were laid down and thus, the relative age of the rock deposits.  This process is known as biostratigraphy – using key fossils to date rocks.

A Metriorhynchus Meal – Ammonites and Belemnites

Prehistoric crocodile sea food.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture above shows two ammonites and a belemnite, these nektonic (means they live above the sea floor), cephalopods would have been the stable food of Metriorhynchus and other marine crocodiles.

For dinosaur toys and games, plus prehistoric models including accurate models of ammonites and belemnites visit Everything Dinosaur’s model section on their website: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

Scientists have been able to build up a detailed picture of the ecosystem within these shallow, Jurassic seas that covered much of Europe during this period.  As well as marine crocodiles, there were many different types of ichthyosaur and plesiosaur.  At the top of the food chain, the top predators were the huge pliosaurs.  These animals were marine reptiles, a number of fierce meat-eating genera are known, perhaps the most famous is Liopleurodon.  This enormous predator, has been claimed by some sources to be the largest carnivore to have ever existed on the planet.

A number of species of Liopleurodon are known, but whether they really did reach lengths in excess of 25 metres as some scientists and journalists have claimed is still open to debate.   With their crown of front teeth, some of which exceeded 18 inches in length they would have been formidable hunters and a 3 metre Metriorhynchus would have been no match for this mighty pliosaur.

Close up of a Liopleurodon (the business end)

The fearsome Liopleurodon.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view the model of Liopleurodon (Liopleurodon ferox) and other marine reptiles in the CollectA Prehistoric Life model series: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs.