Dinosaur Tracksites Identified in Guizhou Province

Everything Dinosaur has received media reports from several Chinese news agencies reporting the discovery of extensive dinosaur tracks in Guizhou Province (south-western China).  A total of sixty-eight tracks have been identified from sediments exposed in a river valley close to Tongmin Town.  The largest of the prints is estimated to be nearly fifty centimetres long.

Yesterday, a field team consisting of palaeontologists from the China University of Geosciences and Guizhou Provincial Museum arrived at the site to map the tracks and to conduct a full survey of the trace fossils.  In a press statement, Assistant Professor Xing Lida, (China University of Geosciences, Beijing), commented that three types of trace fossil (ichnofossils) had been recorded, suggesting that the tracks were made by three different types of dinosaur.  A preliminary assessment suggest that one type of track was made by a plant-eating ornithopod, whilst the other two tracks were made by theropod dinosaurs.

One of the Theropod Tracks from the Site

One of the theropod tracks identified by Chinese scientists.

Picture credit: CBS/China University of Geosciences 

The photograph above shows one of the theropod footprints.  The researchers have highlighted the track and indicated the toes along with the claw impressions.

Xing Lida stated:

“About three types of dinosaurs passed by here.  The rock surface is quite flat and the footprints head to different directions, which means a group of dinosaurs might have come here often for water and food 100 million years ago.”

Improving Knowledge on the Late Cretaceous Chinese Dinosaurs

The tracks were made in the soft mud surrounding a lake (a potential lacustrine environment), although it is not possible to tell exactly when the impressions were made in terms of which dinosaurs passed by and when, the tracks are helping Chinese researchers to better understand the dinosaur fauna of this part of the world some 100 million years ago (Cenomanian faunal stage of the Late Cretaceous).

An in-depth analysis of the tracks is to be undertaken.  The research team are confident that they will be able to measure the stride length and calculate the velocity of the dinosaurs (estimation of walking speed).

These tracks are significant, as Assistant Professor Xing explained:

“The dinosaur footprints here are well-preserved compared with those in other places in China.  It would be easy to calculate the length and the speed of the dinosaurs and to know what they did in this place 100 million years ago, according to their footprints.”

In 2016, Chinese media reported the discovery of a series of dinosaur tracks at a location approximately 120 miles to the south-west of the Tongmin Town site (Bijie).  These tracks, represent four individual dinosaurs and the strata that they were formed in, now part of a cliff, is also around 100 million years old.  These tracks were made as dinosaurs traversed the soft, sticky mud adjacent to a lake (another potential lacustrine environment).

It is hoped that data from these two locations, representing contemporaneous fauna will help scientists to gain a better understanding of which types of dinosaurs lived in southern China during the early Late Cretaceous.

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

Albertavenator curriei – Implications for the North American Troodontids

World-famous Canadian palaeontologist Phil Currie has been honoured by having a new species of North American troodontid Albertavenator curriei, named after him.  Phil Currie has been at the forefront of vertebrate palaeontology for a long time now and it is great to see that his fellow scientists have honoured his contribution to the science in this way.  However, whilst other media outlets have focused on this accolade, in this article, we look at the what this means when it comes to identifying other small “raptor-like” dinosaurs from their teeth and fossilised jaws.

An Illustration of the Newly Described Troodontid Albertavenator curriei

An illustration of the newly named Albertavenator curriei.

Picture credit: Oliver Demuth

“Currie’s Alberta Hunter”

This new dinosaur species has been described from fragmentary skull elements found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Horsethief Member).  Albertavenator roamed this part of Canada some 71 million years ago (Early Maastrichtian faunal stage of the Late Cretaceous).

The name translates as “Currie’s Alberta hunter”.  Professor Currie has had a number of dinosaurs named after him already, including a member of the tyrannosaur family (Teratophoneus curriei), fossils of which come from Utah.  Albertavenator is the second dinosaur from Alberta named in honour of Professor Currie.  Epichirostenotes curriei, a bird-like maniraptoran theropod assigned to the Caenagnathidae family, fossils of which also come from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, carries his name.

Palaeontologist Phil Currie

Phil Currie has made a tremendous contribution, not only to the Royal Tyrrell Museum at Drumheller, but also to the recently opened (September 2015), Philip J. Currie Museum located to the west of the town of Grande Prairie (Alberta).  In a career spanning five decades, Professor Currie has established himself as one of the world’s most-respected dinosaur experts.  He has won numerous awards, including in 2012, the prestigious Explorers Medal.

To read more about this award: Phil Currie is Honoured by the Explorers Club.

Award-winning and Highly Respected Palaeontologist Phil Currie

Palaeontologist Phil Currie with a juvenile Pachyrhinosaurus specimen.

Picture credit: Bruce Edwards (from a video interview)

Albertavenator curriei

Researchers thought that the fossil bones belonged to a species of Troodon, fossils assigned to this genus have been found all over North America from the Dinosaur Provincial Park and Judith River Formations to Alaska, New Mexico and as far south as Texas.  Analysis of the frontal bones (bones from top of the skull), revealed that this dinosaur was different, its skull was shorter and more robust when compared to numerous Troodon skull specimens.

The difference in the shape of the bones was not put down to different growth stages or deformation of the bones during fossilisation, there were enough distinguishing features to establish a new dinosaur genus.

Comparing the Skull Bones of A. curriei and Troodon inequalis

Comparing the skull bones of Albertavenator to Troodon.

Picture credit: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (Evans et al)

The picture above shows the skull bones (frontals) of Albertavenator curriei from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (top) compared to comparable material assigned to Troodon inequalis from the Dinosaur Provincial Park Formation (bottom).  Abbreviations: fc – frontal midline contact, lc – lacrimal contact with frontal, lcb – lacrimal buttress, lsc – laterosphenoid contact with frontal, nc – nasal contact with frontal, or – orbital rim, pc – parietal contact with frontal, pl – parietal lappet, poc – postorbital contact with frontal, scf – supraciliary foramen.

Note: the scale bar = 1 cm.

Delicate Bones of Albertavenator curriei

Lead author of the scientific paper, published in the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Dr David Evans (Royal Ontario Museum), stated:

“The delicate bones of these small, feathered dinosaurs are very rare.  We were lucky to have a critical piece of the skull that allowed us to distinguish Albertavenator as a new species.  We hope to find a more complete skeleton of Albertavenator in the future, as this would tell us so much more about this fascinating animal.”

Albertavenator is estimated to have weighed about sixty kilogrammes and measured around two metres in length.

A Scale Drawing of Albertavenator (A. curriei)

A size comparison with a human compared to Albertavenator.  Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

To view articulated models of dromaeosaurs and other dinosaurs: Beasts of the Mesozoic Figures.

Rare Troodontid Fossil Material – What About the Teeth?

Much of the fossil material used to describe this new species was found in the early 1990s.  The naming of Albertavenator is yet another example of a new genus being erected from further study of dinosaur fossils within a museum’s collection, in this case the Royal Tyrrell Museum.  Substantial troodontid body fossils are rare from strata that are dated to the Maastrichtian faunal stage of the Cretaceous, the exception to this are the copious amounts of teeth that have been assigned to this genus.

The researchers note that jawbone shape and the teeth associated with a relatively complete dentary (lower jaw), from the Horseshoe Canyon cannot be distinguished from lower jaws and teeth found in the Dinosaur Park Formation.  If the dentary and teeth from the Horsethief Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation prove to belong to A. curriei, then isolated teeth and jaws are no longer able to be allocated to one, specific dinosaur genus – Troodon.  If the teeth and jaws of a dinosaur like Albertavenator cannot be distinguished from the teeth and jaws of Troodon, then these fossils are unusable for identifying dinosaur genera.

Identifying Dinosaur Genera

Co-author of the study, Derek Larson (Assistant Curator of the Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum), explained:

“This discovery really highlights the importance of finding and examining skeletal material from these rare dinosaurs.”

Typical Maniraptoran Teeth

Troodontid teeth are characterised by their large serrations.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

The picture above shows a selection of different dinosaur teeth, troodontid teeth can be identified by their over-sized serrations (large denticles).  However, the identification of a new species of troodontid in the Late Cretaceous of North America means that isolated teeth cannot be ascribed specifically to the Troodon genus.  It is very likely that Albertavenator is just one of a number of small theropods that lived in Canada, the small theropod dinosaur diversity in the latest Cretaceous of North America is likely to have been underestimated.

Skull Bones Assigned to Albertavenator curriei

Dinosaur skull fragment (A. curriei) – coin provides scale.

Picture credit: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (Evans et al)

The scientific paper:
“A New Species of Troodontid Theropod (Dinosauria: Maniraptora) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada.” by D. C. Evans, T. M. Cullen, D. W. Larson, and A. Rego, published in the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.

Visit the Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

T. rex Slow Coach Once Again

Palaeontologists have long debated the potential running speeds of big, theropod dinosaurs.  Indeed, the question as to whether bipedal giants like Tyrannosaurus rex, Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus and Carcharodontosaurus could run at all has been muted.  Thanks to some new research from Manchester University, a better understanding of dinosaur locomotion could be within our grasp.

New T. rex Study Suggests Giant Theropods Could Not Run Fast

The “prey” is an unfortunate Struthiomimus.  T. rex not a fast runner.

The picture shows a Tyrannosaurus rex with an ornithomimid (Struthiomimus), in its mouth.  This new study concludes that there is no way that a T. rex could pursue and catch such a fleet-footed dinosaur as an “ostrich mimic”.  In this case, perhaps this hypercarnivore stumbled across the carcass of a Struthiomimus, we can expect the “hunter versus scavenger” debate to be re-ignited as a result of these research findings.

The model in the image is from the CollectA Prehistoric Life range.

To view this range: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Prehistoric Life Models.

If T. rex Tried to Run Fast it Could Break its Legs!

According to lead author of this new, scientific paper, Professor Bill Sellers (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences), T. rex could not run, it was just too large and heavy.  Tyrannosaurus rex was unable to pursue prey at high speeds – no chance of catching Jeff Goldblum et al in the famous jeep chase in Stephen Spielberg’s ground-breaking “Jurassic Park”.  In addition, this new research suggests that T. rex walking speed was limited, had it tried to quicken its pace, it was in danger of breaking its legs.

This new study means that scientists will have to reconsider how T. rex might have behaved. We at Everything Dinosaur know, that the BBC are bringing out a new documentary on the “Tyrant Lizard King”, this is due to be shown at Christmas.  Will this new research change the script?

New Biomechanical Study of Tyrannosaurus rex Locomotion Limits Dinosaur Velocity

New research suggests T. rex couldn’t run.

Picture credit: University of Manchester

The Gait and Biomechanics of the World’s Most Famous Dinosaur

The research team used a combination of two separate biomechanical assessment techniques coupled with sophisticated computer programming to model locomotion results.  The biomechanical techniques, known as multibody dynamic analysis (MBDA) and skeletal stress analysis (SSA), in conjunction, create a new, more accurate assessment of T. rex and its cursorial abilities.

The size and weight of an adult T. rex means that it could not move at high speed, its leg bones would have buckled under its own colossal weight.  N8 High Performance Computing (HPC), was used to create a three-dimensional model of the skeleton and to assess the forces involved as this giant predator was put through its paces.  Running did not end well for the T. rex,  had this monster survived to the present day, it seems that most of us humans could have easily out run it.  The paper, published in the academic journal “PeerJ”, suggests a top speed of around 12.5 mph (20 km/hour) for Tyrannosaurus rex.

Not Capable of Running Fast

Previous studies, that predicted running speeds of up to 45 mph for very big theropods have been de-bunked.  Running at such a speed would have placed “unacceptably high skeletal loads” on the animal, T. rex would have broken its legs had it attempted to sprint.

Professor Sellers explained:

“The running ability of T. rex and other similarly giant dinosaurs has been intensely debated amongst palaeontologist for decades.  However, different studies using differing methodologies have produced a very wide range of top speed estimates and we say there is a need to develop techniques that can improve these predictions.   Here we present a new approach that combines two separate biomechanical techniques to demonstrate that true running gaits would probably lead to unacceptably high skeletal loads in T. rex.”

Tyrannosaurus rex – A Lumbering Giant

The spectacular Titus the T. rex exhibit at Wollaton Hall.  Tyrannosaurus rex a lumbering giant.  Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Challenging Perceptions about T. rex

This new study challenges the way in which T. rex and similarly sized theropods could have behaved.  High-speed chases were out of the question.  It is likely that these predators were limited to walking speeds, a direct contradiction to the fast-moving, highly cursorial depiction seen in some movies and postulated by other researchers.  The University of Manchester team may have concentrated on the largest tyrannosaurid, but this research has implications for other super-sized theropods too.  The scientists conclude that other large, bipedal dinosaurs, predators such as Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus and Acrocanthosaurus were also slow coaches.

Acrocanthosaurus Too – Likely to be a Slow Coach

Papo Acrocanthosaurus dinosaur model. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Professor Sellers added:

“Tyrannosaurus rex is one of the largest bipedal animals to have ever evolved and walked the earth.  So, it represents a useful model for understanding the biomechanics of other similar animals. Therefore, these finding may well translate to other long-limbed giants so but this idea should be tested alongside experimental validation work on other bipedal species.”

This is not the first time MBDA and SSA methodologies have been used to measure the walking and running ability of dinosaurs.  However, it’s the first time they have been used in conjunction to create a more accurate picture of potential locomotion.

The professor concluded:

“Our previous simulations of theropod bipedal running did not directly consider the skeletal loading but these new simulations do calculate all the forces in the limb bones and these can be used directly to estimate the bone loading on impact.”

The Research Implications

If Tyrannosaurus rex and other large theropods were essentially limited to walking, then this study directly contradicts those arguments for a more athletic, active lifestyle for these huge carnivores.  Unable to pursue prey, this suggests that a fully-grown Tyrannosaurus rex may have been an ambush predator or perhaps entirely reliant upon a durophagous existence, crunching the bones and feeding on the carcasses of dead dinosaurs.

This study suggests that palaeontologists may have to change their views on the effects of body size and shape as large, bipedal dinosaurs grow.  Earlier research has suggested that the torso became longer and heavier, whereas the limbs became proportionately shorter and lighter as T. rex grew.  These changes would mean that the running abilities of T. rex would also change as the animal matured, with adults likely to be less agile than younger, lighter individuals.

Could a Large Theropod Really Run Fast?

A Papo green running Tyrannosaurus rex model on display next to a replica of a T. rex tooth and a T. rex claw. An exhibit at the Manchester Museum of Natural History. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

If this dinosaur was limited to a walking speed, then images of T. rex as an agile, active predator could be highly inaccurate.

This new paper, is likely to spark a debate once more about the lives of these iconic prehistoric animals.  A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“The problem is, whilst we have large quadrupeds to study, animals such as elephants and rhinos, there is simply no extant equivalent of a huge, bipedal dinosaur!  This might be fortunate from a personal preservation perspective, but for palaeontologists, this poses a huge problem when it comes to considering how these creatures moved.  Sophisticated biomechanical studies such as this one from Manchester University, provide probably the best chance we have when it comes to unravelling the mysteries of dinosaur locomotion.”

The scientific paper: “Investigating the Running Abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex Using Stress-constrained Multibody Dynamic Analysis” by William I. Sellers, Stuart B. Pond, Charlotte A. Brassey, Philip L. Manning, and Karl T. Bates

To read a selection of other articles looking at the running abilities of various dinosaurs:

T. rex Could Run at Nearly Eighteen Miles per Hour!

Argentinosaurus Walks Again.

How Fast Could T. rex Run?

Dinosaurs at the Movies – the Anomalies of “Jurassic Park”.

Visit the award-winning Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.