Antarcticoolithus bradyi – An Egg from a Giant Mosasaur

A football-sized palaeontological mystery might have been solved.   A strange object found by a research team from Chile whilst exploring the López de Bertodano Formation on Seymour Island, in Antarctica back in 2011, is probably the fossilised remains of a mosasaur egg.  That is the conclusion of a scientific paper published this week in the journal Nature.

A Giant Mosasaur Egg

The strange object, described as looking like a deflated football was found in Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) deposits and these strata yield the fossils of dinosaurs and early birds, but they are essentially near-shore marine deposits and mosasaur fossils are found in the vicinity.  The massive egg is the largest soft-shelled egg known to science and the second largest egg ever recorded.  Only the enormous, hard-shelled eggs of elephant birds (family Aepyornithidae), that once lived on the island of Madagascar, are larger.

A Scientist Holding the Strange “Deflated Football” – Probably the Egg of a Giant Mosasaur

Picture credit: Legendre et al (Universidad de Chile)

One of the scientific paper’s co-authors, David Rubilar-Rogers from Chile’s National Museum of Natural History had been part of the field team that found the fossil.  It remained in the Museum’s fossil collection for years, unstudied and not classified.  Visiting scientists and academics were not able to identify what it was until Julia Clarke from the University of Texas at Austin visited in 2018 and proposed that the specimen represented a giant, soft-shelled egg.

A Thin Eggshell

Microscopy confirmed that the object was indeed an egg, one with a shell five times thinner than that associated with the hard-shelled eggs of elephant birds.  The structure of the fossil was similar to vestigial eggs laid by some snakes and lizards today (lepidosaurs).  These types of eggs are laid but hatch almost immediately, the babies are fully developed and entirely altricial.  Further analysis of the fossil discovered no evidence of an embryo to help confirm identification of the egg-layer, this was an eggshell, the baby having hatched.  However, mosasaurs are lepidosaurs, (Order Squamata) and the scientists propose that the egg was laid by a giant mosasaur.

Photographs, Illustrations and Microscopic Analysis of the Fossil Egg

Picture credit: Legendre et al

A Massive Egg Laid by a Massive Mosasaur

The scientists, which include lead author Lucas Legendre, of the Department of Geological Sciences (University of Texas at Austin), estimate that the egg would have weighed around 6.5 kilogrammes and it would have measured about 29 cm long when it was laid.  The actual fossil measures 28 cm by 18 cm.  The team compiled a data set comparing the body sizes of living and extinct amniotes to calculate the potential size of the animal that produced the massive egg.  They calculate that the egg was probably laid by a mosasaur that had a length of around 7 metres (excluding the tail).

A Mosasaur Hatching

Picture credit: Legendre et al (Universidad de Chile)

A Scale Drawing Showing the Proposed Size of the Female Mosasaur that Laid the Egg

Picture credit: Francisco Hueichaleo

The First Fossil Egg from Antarctica

The visibly collapsed and folded fossil specimen represents the first vertebrate egg of any kind to be discovered in Antarctica.  The researchers speculate that the near-shore, marine sediments of the López de Bertodano Formation represent an estuarine environment that linked onto a large, shallow bay.  Vertebrate fossils found on Seymour Island include dinosaur bones and poorly preserved footprints, shorebird and waterfowl fossils as well as the remains of marine reptiles such as elasmosaurs and mosasaurs.

Legendre, a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Geological Sciences, commented:

“Many authors have hypothesised that this was sort of a nursery site with shallow protected water, a cove environment where the young ones would have had a quiet setting to grow up.”

Was the Mosasaur Egg Laid on Land or Was it Laid in the Sea?

Did mosasaur females struggle ashore to lay their eggs in nests like turtles or did they lay vestigial eggs that hatched almost immediately having been laid in the open sea.  The scientific paper does not specifically discuss how mosasaurs reproduced, but there are three competing hypotheses:

1).  Mosasaur females left the water and excavated nests on the beach in which their eggs were deposited.  When the eggs hatched, the young mosasaurs would scuttle down the beach and enter the water.

2). Mosasaurs were ovoviviparous – mosasaur embryos developed inside eggs that were retained inside the mother’s body until they were ready to hatch. This method of reproduction is similar to viviparity, but the embryos have no placental connection with the mother and they receive their nourishment from the yolk sac although some gaseous exchange between the egg and the mother takes place.

Ovoviviparity Reproduction in a Mosasaur

Picture credit: Legendre et al (Universidad de Chile)

3).  The female mosasaur remained mostly in the water, which helped to support its body weight, but manoeuvred its body so that it could reverse out of the water and deposits its eggs on the shore.

Although not convinced that mosasaurs laid their eggs on land, co-author of the scientific paper Julia Clarke explained:

“We can’t exclude the idea that they shoved their tail end up on shore because nothing like this has ever been discovered.”

An Artist’s Impression of an Ovoviviparous Marine Reptile

Picture credit: Legendre et al (Universidad de Chile)

Antarcticoolithus

This remarkable egg fossil has been given the oogenus Antarcticoolithus which translates as “late Antarctic stone egg”.

Everything Dinosaur acknowledges the assistance of a media release from the Universidad de Chile in the compilation of this article.

The scientific paper: “A giant soft-shelled egg from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica” by Lucas J. Legendre, David Rubilar-Rogers, Grace M. Musser, Sarah N. Davis, Rodrigo A. Otero, Alexander O. Vargas and Julia A. Clarke published in the journal Nature.

The Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.

Overoraptor chimentoi – Closer to Birds than Most other “Raptors”

Time for Everything Dinosaur team members to catch up on their reading.  Whilst browsing through the various press releases, emails and news bulletins from around the world, our attention was drawn to the scientific description of a new, gracile “raptor” from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina.  Named Overoraptor chimentoi, fossils of this 1.3 metre-long, theropod dinosaur were first discovered in 2013 during field work on 90 million-year-old strata associated with the Huincul Formation in the Patagonian province of Rio Negro.

Further fossils were found during excavations in the same area in 2018.  Although fragmentary, the bones of this small dinosaur suggest that it was more closely related to that lineage of dinosaurs that led to the birds than it is to the likes of Velociraptor and other dromaeosaurids.

A Life Reconstruction of a Pair of Overoraptor chimentoi

Picture credit: Gabriel Lio

Overoraptor chimentoi – A Very Bird-like Theropod

The fossil record of members of the Eumaniraptora group of dinosaurs known from the southern hemisphere is sparse.  Evidence of those “raptors” that were closely related to that branch of this group that led to the modern birds is even rarer.  At present, (2020), the fossil evidence is limited to the Unenlagiinae (mostly from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina such as Buitreraptor [B. gonzalezorum]) and the bizarre, bird-like Rahonavis (R. ostromi) from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of north-western Madagascar.

Overoraptor exhibits a range of anatomical traits.  The feet and legs are very typical of a dromaeosaurid.  There is the second toe “killing claw” associated with the “raptors” and the lower limb bones indicate that this was a fast-running, cursorial predator.  However, the upper limb bones are very different.  The ulna for example, is very robust and long, reminiscent of the upper limb bones of modern birds.

The Fragmentary Fossils of Overoraptor chimentoi

Picture credit: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”

The picture above shows the fragmentary fossils associated with the new species – Overoraptor chimentoi.  The genus name is from the Spanish “overo” which means piebald, a reference to the mixed colour of the fossil bones.  The trivial name honours Roberto Nicolás Chimento who found the first remains.

Close to the Bird Part of the Dinosaur Family Tree

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by the researchers revealed that Overoraptor was closely related to Rahonavis, that roamed Madagascar some twenty million years later.   The analysis suggests that these two dinosaurs are descended from a common ancestor (they form a monophyletic clade).  Together they are stem avialans within the Eumaniraptora, a line of theropods in which some flight-related adaptations of the forelimbs are present in non-flying taxa.

Commenting on the importance of Overoraptor, one of the co-authors of the paper, Fernando Novas (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”) stated:

“Contrary to what we originally assumed, the Overoraptor is not part of the Unenlagia family, but from another group including a Madagascan species called Rahonavis.”

The discovery of Overoraptor sheds light on the acquisition of flight-related traits in non-avian dinosaurs and on the still poorly known paravian radiation in Gondwana.

The scientific paper: “New theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia sheds light on the paravian radiation in Gondwana” by Matías J. Motta, Federico L. Agnolín, Federico Brissón Egli and Fernando E. Novas published in The Science of Nature.

The Everything Dinosaur website: Everything Dinosaur.