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4 05, 2016

Minisauripus – The Smallest Dinosaur Known?

By Mike|2023-04-19T07:57:07+01:00May 4th, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page|0 Comments

Ancient Tracks Hint at Tiny-saurus

A team of international scientists including researchers from Bristol University and the China University of Geosciences (based in Beijing), have published a paper reporting on tiny three-toed tracks found in south-western China that might support the idea that some theropod dinosaurs were very small indeed.

Tiny Theropod Tracks

The footprints suggest that a dinosaur no bigger than a house sparrow ran across a mud flat more than 125 million years ago. The dinosaur is referred to as Minisauripus (pronounced min-nee-sore-ree-pus), it is an ichnogenus, the term applied to an animal that is only known from fossil footprints and trackways.

Although the researchers don’t rule out the possibility that these prints might have been made by juveniles of a larger species, all the described examples assigned to this ichnogenus are small and so it is possible this is evidence of one of the smallest kinds of dinosaur to have existed.

A Minisauripus (Foreground) Chased by a Larger Jialingpus (Background)

Minisauripus, potentially the smallest dinosaur known to science.

Picture credit: Zhang Zongda/China Daily

Minisauripus Chased by Jialingpus

The picture above shows an artist’s impression of Minisauripus which may have been a compsognathid being pursued by a much larger theropod, also known from fossil tracks – Jialingpus. The tracks are from exposed strata that make up the extensive Lower Cretaceous Feitianshan Formation, these rocks preserve trace fossils made on soft sand and silts that represent a low-energy lake (lacustrine) environment.

Dinosaur Footprints

A number of different types of dinosaur footprints have been identified at this location close to the town of Yangmozu (in Zhaojue County, Sichuan Province), twenty theropod dinosaur tracks have been found, seventeen of these have been assigned to the larger Jialingpus, the remaining three tiny tracks are associated with Minisauripus. In total around seventy individual footprints have been identified from a 26 square metre section of rock. A scientific paper detailing this research has been published in the academic journal “Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology”.

One of the lead authors of the paper, Lida Xing (a PhD student at the China University of Geosciences) commented:

“The discovery of Minisauripus may challenge people’s traditional thinking that all dinosaurs were big guys with scary teeth and claws. On the contrary, the footprints discovered in Zhaojue County belong to a small, fluffy dinosaur the size of a bird.”

Other fossils assigned to this ichnogenus have been found elsewhere in China, there is also evidence of Minisauripus tracks recorded from Lower Cretaceous rocks in Korea.

Size Comparison Minisauripus versus Oviraptorid and the Hind Foot of Giganotosaurus

The ichnogenus Minisauripus compared to an oviraptorid and the hind foot of a Giganotosaurus.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Estimating the Size of Minisauripus

The picture above shows the minimum size estimated for Minisauripus (around 12 cm long), compared to a typical oviraptorid at around two metres and the hind leg of a giant theropod (Giganotosaurus). The researchers cannot be certain that the tracks assigned to Minisauripus represent those made by fully grown individuals, however, all known examples of this ichnotaxon are small. All unequivocally identified Minisauripus tracks fall in the size range of from 1.0–6.1 cm. Assuming a small adult animal in each case, and based on standard foot length, leg length and body length ratios, all Minisauripus tracks indicate trackmakers with hip heights of less than 5 cm and ranging to 28 cm. This gives an approximate body size range of between 12 cm and 72 cm.

For models and replicas of theropod dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals: Papo Dinosaur Models and Figures.

Threatened by Mining

Zhaojue County is officially recognised by the Chinese authorities as being one of the poorest parts of south-western China. There are plans to develop the mining industry in this part of Sichuan Province and scientists are lobbying the Government asking for safeguards to protect the ancient trackways and other fossil sites.

Visit Everything Dinosaur’s website: Everything Dinosaur.

3 05, 2016

Tiny Titanosaur Suggests Rapetosaurus Not Good at “Bringing Up Baby”

By Mike|2023-04-19T07:48:24+01:00May 3rd, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans|0 Comments

Scientists Suggest Rapetosaurus Was Precocial

Titanosaurs are a bit like buses, yes they are. In fact, these bus-sized members of the Sauropodomorpha were a lot like buses, you wait for ages to write about the Titanosauridae and then two stories come along in quick succession. First, there was yesterday’s article all about a remarkable study into the skull of a South American titanosaur (Sarmientosaurus musacchioi), that, thanks to CT scans, had provided researchers with an insight into the dinosaur’s senses and now, we write about another titanosaur study which suggests that these herbivores did not require much or perhaps any parental care after hatching.

Titanosaurs Studied

Titanosaurs – The Largest Land Vertebrates Known

Huge dinosaur from southern Patagonia – Dreadnoughtus schrani.

Picture credit: Jennifer Hall

To read more about the study of the skull of Sarmientosaurus musacchioi: A New Late Cretaceous Titanosaur from Patagonia.

Tiny Titanosaur from Late Cretaceous Madagascar

The fossilised bones of a baby titanosaur have been analysed by a team of scientists supported by funding from the National Science Foundation. The team found that hatchlings were mini versions of the adults and just like many birds and reptiles today, these sauropodomorphs were relatively independent at birth, capable of leaving the nesting area and fending for themselves just a short time after hatching. In short, the study suggests that titanosaurs were precocial, the parents having relatively little to do with the raising of the offspring, the youngsters being more than capable of fending for themselves and foraging to find food.

Precocial Behaviour

Precocial behaviour inferred from this study contrasts with different parenting behaviours seen in other types of dinosaur such as ornithopods and the Theropoda. Dinosaurs such as Maiasaura (ornithopod) and Oviraptor (theropod) may have had different parenting strategies. Although, dinosaur nests, embryo fossils and fossils of very young dinosaurs are exceptionally rare there is a degree of evidence, most notably from the “Egg Mountain” site in Montana where the majority of Maiasaura fossils have been unearthed that some dinosaurs at least, were altricial, that is, the young were relatively helpless at birth and they relied on their parents to look after them and to bring food to the nest.

Rapetosaurus karusei – Every Fossil Tells a Story

The titanosaur is Rapetosaurus (R. karusei), fossils of which are associated with the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of north-western Madagascar. These plant-eaters, roamed the island of Madagascar some 70 million years ago (Maastrichtian faunal stage). Several bones collected between 1998 and 2003 and stored at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and catalogued as crocodilian fossils caught the eye of palaeontologist Kristina Curry Rogers. Kristina has seen fossils like these before and she knew that they were not from any crocodile species, in fact, the bones represented a very young Rapetosaurus. Why was the Associate Professor so confident? Simple, Kristina was one of the researchers which named and described Rapetosaurus (pronounced Rah-pay-too-sore-us) back in 2001.

Some of the Rapetosaurus Material Used in the Study

The preserved skeleton of the baby Rapetosaurus, including vertebrae from the hip and tail and the femur.

The preserved skeleton of the baby Rapetosaurus, including vertebrae from the hip and tail and limb bones.

Picture credit: Kristi Curry Rogers

Research Funded by the National Science Foundation

The research was funded the National Science Foundation (United States) and Associate Professor Curry Rogers (Macalester College, St Paul, Minnesota), was the lead author, working with colleagues from Adelphi University, (Garden City, New York), the University of Minnesota and the University of Washington. Looking at the shape of the femur and comparing it to examples from older animals, the bone shape was very similar, this suggested that hatchlings were very mobile and further study indicated that they were capable of a wider range of movements than the cumbersome adults.

Kristina explained:

“This baby’s limbs at birth were built for its later adult mass; as an infant, however, it weighed just a fraction of its future size. This is our first opportunity to explore the life of a sauropod just after hatching, at the earliest stage of its life.”

Shinbone (Tibia) Reveals Data

The team studied thin-sections of the tibia (the bones seen on the left of the picture above), using a high-powered CT scanner to get a closer look at the micro-structures preserved inside the fossil limb bones. The patterns and structures identified were similar to those found in extant animals which made it possible for the scientists to build up a picture of the few short weeks of this dinosaur’s life.

Associate Professor Curry Rogers stated:

“We looked at the preserved patterns of blood supply, growth cartilages at the ends of limb bones, and at bone remodelling. These features indicate that Rapetosaurus grew as rapidly as a newborn mammal and was only a few weeks old when it died.”

For models and replicas of titanosaurs and other dinosaurs: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life Figures.

A Key Finding

One key finding was the identification of the hatching line, a shift in the internal structure of the bone that in modern lizards and crocodilians indicates when an animal emerged from its egg. This enabled the research team to calculate the size of the baby dinosaur at hatching (around 3.4 kilogrammes). The average human baby birth weight in the UK is a fraction heavier at around 3.5 kilogrammes. However, unlike our babies which are highly altricial (dependent on parental care), Rapetosaurus grew rapidly and in the 39 to 77 days of its life it grew to be more than ten times its hatching weight.

A Baby Rapetosaurus Dinosaur Provides Fresh Insight into Titanosaur Growth and Development

A baby Rapetosaurus provides fresh insight into titanosaur growth and development (ontogeny).

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur based on an original diagram by Kristi Curry Rogers

Demise in a Drought

The baby Rapetosaurus did not live very long and the scientists report that this little herbivore may have starved to death. How did they deduce that? An analysis of cartilage growth plates preserved on the limb bones bears a strong resemblance to the modified growth of cartilage that occurs in living vertebrates when the animal is under stress due to lack of food. The Maevarano Formation represents strata laid down in a flat, alluvial plain criss-crossed by a number of rivers which flowed from the central highlands.

Debris such as large boulders preserved in the strata indicates that the flow of water along these rivers varied a great deal. This suggests a semi-arid environment with prolonged periods of drought, interspersed by periods of heavy rainfall. The Late Cretaceous of Madagascar was a drought-stressed ecosystem and for this hatchling a lack of food was very probably its downfall.

For dinosaur toys and games, visit: Everything Dinosaur.

Thanks to the work of Kristina Curry Rogers and her collaborators, scientists have been able to piece together some information about the short life of this titanosaur.

As Associate Professor Curry Rogers states:

“Between its hatching and death just a few weeks later, this baby Rapetosaurus fended for itself in a harsh and unforgiving environment.”

To read an article about potential precocial behaviour in the Pterosauria: New Species of Flying Reptile from “Pterosaur Graveyard”.

3 05, 2016

Sensational Fossil Skull Provides Insight into Dinosaur Senses

By Mike|2024-05-06T06:33:20+01:00May 3rd, 2016|Categories: General Teaching|Comments Off on Sensational Fossil Skull Provides Insight into Dinosaur Senses

Titanosaur Fossil Skull Provides Evidence of Dinosaur Senses

The almost perfectly preserved fossilised skull of a giant, long-necked dinosaur found in Argentina has helped provide palaeontologists with an improved understanding of the senses of dinosaurs. The fossil skull was excavated from Upper Cretaceous strata in the Chubut Province of southern Argentina some years ago, but it was only recently restored and subjected to detailed CT (computerised tomography) scans that allowed scientists to gain an understanding of the size and the structure of the dinosaur’s brain.

Fossil Skull

Scientists Marvel at the 95-million-year-old Dinosaur Skull

Dr Martinez (right) and Dr Lamanna (left) with Sarmientosaurus skull.

Picture credit: Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Describing a Titanosaur Skull

Authors of the scientific paper that has been published in the on-line journal PLOS One include Dr Rubén D. F. Martínez (National University of Patagonia) and Dr Matthew Lamanna (Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), state that this dinosaur skull, a titanosaur, known as Sarmientosaurus is exceptionally rare. Four such skulls have been found to date from locations as far apart as Madagascar and Mongolia but this fossil found in Patagonia, is the best preserved.

For models and replicas of titanosaurs and other saurpod dinosaurs: CollectA Deluxe Prehistoric Life Models.

Analysis of the CT scans has enabled the research team to build up a picture of this large, plant-eating dinosaur’s senses. It had large eyes and very probably excellent eyesight. It also had good hearing, especially well adapted to picking up low frequency airborne sounds. The tooth of a large meat-eating dinosaur was found near the skull fossil, such sharp senses would have been very useful for this Late Cretaceous dinosaur, helping to keep it safe from predators.

Visit Everything Dinosaur’s user-friendly and award-winning website: Everything Dinosaur.

2 05, 2016

A New Late Cretaceous Titanosaur from Patagonia

By Mike|2023-04-19T07:31:17+01:00May 2nd, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page, Palaeontological articles|0 Comments

Sarmientosaurus musacchioi – A “Drop Head” Dinosaur

The beautifully preserved skull of a new type of titanosaur is helping scientists to understand the evolution of these herbivorous dinosaurs. Titanosaur skull fossils are exceptionally rare, but thanks to the skull of Sarmientosaurus musacchioi, palaeontologists have got a “heads up” on basal titanosaurs, ironically computer modelling and an analysis of the skull morphology suggests that this dinosaur may have specialised in feeding on low growing vegetation. If that was the case, then this long-necked dinosaur probably spent a lot of its time with its head pointing downwards towards the ground.

An Illustration of Sarmientosaurus musacchioi

New basal titanosauriform from Argentina (Sarmientosaurus).

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur (background from the artwork of Julius Csotonyi

Rare Titanosaur Skull Fossil Discovery

Reporting in the on line academic journal PLOS One, the team of palaeontologists which includes lead author Dr Rubén D. F. Martínez (National University of Patagonia), describe a beautifully preserved and almost complete skull specimen excavated from strata which makes up the Lower Member of the Upper Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation in south, central Chubut Province, Patagonia (southern Argentina).

The fossils, comprising the skull plus elements from the neck are believed to date from around 95 million years ago (Middle Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous).

Scientists Show Off the Beautifully Preserved Dinosaur Skull

Dr Martinez (right) and Dr Lamanna (left) with Sarmientosaurus skull.

Picture credit: Carnegie Museum of Natural History

The Titanosaur a Member of the Sauropodomorpha

The skulls of members of the Sauropodomorpha, the suborder of dinosaurs to which the titanosaurs belong, tend to be disproportionately small when compared to the size of the body. In addition, the skulls of these dinosaurs are at the end of a long neck. When an animal died and the carcase rotted away, then the skull bones were likely to become detached from the rest of the skeleton. Skull fossils of sauropods are exceptionally rare. In titanosauriforms, only three other skull fossils are known:

Rapetosaurus (from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar)
Tapuiasaurus (from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil)
Nemegtosaurus (from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia

The discovery of an almost complete titanosaur skull will help scientists to understand more about the anatomy, evolution and behaviour of these dinosaurs. For example, analysis of the orbit within the skull and the relative position of the eye suggests that this dinosaur had particularly good vision. Such is the completeness of the fossil material that the scientists, which included Gondwana titanosaur specialist Dr Matthew Lamanna (Carnegie Museum of Natural History), have been able to piece together an endocast of the brain and demonstrate the shape of the inner ear.

Views of the Skull of Sarmientosaurus (Sarmientosaurus musacchioi)

A view of the skull (lateral views)

Picture credit: PLOS One

The picture above shows the prepared skull seen in right lateral view (photograph A and line drawing B) and left lateral view (C). The naris slopes gently downwards towards the premaxilla and the orbit (eye-socket) is quite large. The simple, peg-like teeth (57 teeth associated with the fossil), project forward, an adaptation perhaps to assist with the combing action of feeding. The scale bar in the picture above represents ten centimetres.

For models and replicas of titanosaurs and other prehistoric animals: Prehistoric Animal Models and Figures.

Dr Lamanna noted:

“Titanosaurs included the biggest land animals ever, so we want to know as much about them as we can. But to truly understand a creature, you need to have its head and because titanosaur skulls are super-rare, lots of important aspects of how these dinosaurs lived and behaved have really been anybody’s guess.”

CAT Scans Reveal Previously Unseen Features in Titanosaur Fossil Material

The skull fossil has provided palaeontologists with their first really good view of a basal titanosaur and it has provided new information regarding the shape of the brain case and the senses of these dinosaurs. For example, CAT scans have enabled the researchers to model the structure of the inner ear, from this they have deduced that this dinosaur had good hearing, able to detect a wide range of low frequency airborne sounds. This perhaps provides a clue to how these herding animals communicated.

The Excavation of the Rare Titanosaur Fossil Material

Sarmientosaurus fossils at the dig site.

Picture credit: PLOS One

The photographs above show the articulated skull lying upside down partially eroded out of the rock (A), note that the skull is seen in ventral view (viewed from underneath) and that the geological hammer provides an approximate scale.

The black arrow in photograph A shows the position of an ossified cervical tendon lying very close to the back of the skull. Photographs B and C show two views of the articulated skull and the partial cervical series (neck bones) exposed in the rock (ventral view). The black arrows indicate the position of cervical tendons. Photograph D shows a cervical rib (white arrow) and its relationship in the matrix to an ossified cervical tendon (black arrow), the field instruments provide an approximate scale.

Ossified Bony Tendons

When compared to the Tapuiasaurus fossil skull from Brazil which dates from around 115 million years ago, the teeth and skull morphology of Sarmientosaurus are relatively primitive. The researchers have concluded that radically different titanosauriforms probably co-existed for much of the Cretaceous. This suggests that different types of titanosaur evolved to fill different ecological niches and perhaps this might help to explain why these types of plant-eaters made up a substantial portion of the herbivorous mega fauna fossils associated with the Southern Hemisphere in the Late Cretaceous.

Views of the Restored Skull of Sarmientosaurus

Views of the prepared skull of Sarmientosaurus (scale bar = 10 cm).

Picture credit: PLOS One

In the picture above, A, C and E are photographs of the skull in various views. A frontal view (A), a view of the back (B) and a caudodorsal view (C) which is a view of the back of the skull from the orientation of looking down on it from the top. The images B, D and F are diagrams that show the individual bones and skull features as preserved in the fossil material. Sarmientosaurus is the first non-avian dinosaur to show evidence of a very long bony tendon in the neck. The research team compare the thin ossified tendon with that found in extant Cranes. The function of this structure is not known.

Superior Senses When Compared to Other Sauropodomorphs

The CAT scans provided a remarkable amount of detailed information regarding the sensory capabilities of this titanosaur. The large eye-socket indicated good eyesight and the orientation of the balance organ of the inner ear suggests that this dinosaur probably held its head with the snout facing downward. From this it has been inferred that Sarmientosaurus fed mainly on low-growing plants.

Professor Lawrence Witmer, a specialist in cranial anatomy and one of the co-authors of the scientific paper explained:

“The Sarmientosaurus skull is beautifully-preserved, which meant that we could tease out a ton of information. It was really exciting for us to work through the CT scan data because it gave us a glimpse into the biology and lifestyle of this animal like we rarely get with dinosaurs.”

What’s in a Name?

The genus name honours the small town of Sarmiento in Chubut Province which is close to the fossil quarry where the skull was found. The trivial name is in tribute to the late Dr Eduardo Musacchio, a palaeontologist and professor at the National University of Patagonia who was a mentor to Dr Martínez as well as a close friend.

Visit Everything Dinosaur’s award-winning website: Everything Dinosaur.

1 05, 2016

Everything Dinosaur and Exclusive Battat Terra Dinosaurs

By Mike|2024-05-06T06:33:54+01:00May 1st, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur Fans, Everything Dinosaur News and Updates, Everything Dinosaur Products, Main Page, Photos of Everything Dinosaur Products, Press Releases|4 Comments

Battat Terra Dinosaurs Added to the Range

Everything Dinosaur is delighted to announce that the Battat Terra dinosaurs model range is being added to the UK-based company’s inventory. All twelve of the prehistoric animal models, including the discontinued therizinosaurid, Nanshiungosaurus (pronounced Nan-she-ung-oh-sore-us) are going to be stocked by Everything Dinosaur. The models are due to arrive early next week and we expect them to be on line and available for sale in about 72 hours.

Battat Terra Dinosaurs

If you would like to reserve one of these excellent models, of if you would like more information, drop us a line: Email Everything Dinosaur.

Battat Terra Dinosaurs – Added to the Everything Dinosaur Model Range

Available on line from Everything Dinosaur in early May 2016.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Everything Dinosaur Honours Dan LoRusso

The figures sculpted by Dan LoRusso for the Terra product line are re-painted versions of replicas originally designed for the Museum of Science (Boston). Everything Dinosaur is proud to add the Battat Terra dinosaurs to its, already extensive model range, a fitting tribute to highly respected Dan LoRusso, who sadly passed away last year.

The Battat Terra Carnotaurus Dinosaur Model

The Battat Terra Carnotaurus dinosaur model.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Carnotaurus sastrei – Battat Terra Dinosaurs

The picture above shows the splendid Carnotaurus (C. sastrei) replica, which is one of six theropod dinosaurs to feature in this twelve model series. Everything Dinosaur will offer all twelve models for sale plus, for a limited time, the complete set of all twelve replicas will be available to buy in a single purchase and at a very special introductory price.

Commenting on the addition of the Battat Terra dinosaurs to Everything Dinosaur’s extensive portfolio of prehistoric animal figures, a spokesperson for the UK company stated:

“It is great to see all twelve of the first wave of the Battat Terra dinosaurs added to our model range. The shipment is due to arrive in the next couple of days and then they will be available on the company website. These models are ideal for collectors and dinosaur fans and we are delighted to announce that a number of the Battat Terra replicas will be exclusive to Everything Dinosaur.”

Battat Terra Dinosaurs – A Wonderful Model Range

The Battat Terra series features a mix of different types of dinosaur. Very well-known dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Pachyrhinosaurus and Parasaurolophus are included along with some of the more unusual members of the Dinosauria such as the armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus, Dacentrurus, Cryolophosaurus and Amargasaurus. Naturally, as with all the named prehistoric animal figures sold by Everything Dinosaur, each replica will be supplied with its own fact sheet which will tell customers about the dinosaur, when it lived, what it ate and so forth.

Battat Terra Dinosaur Models Available from Everything Dinosaur

The excellent Battat Terra dinosaur models.

Picture credit: Battat

The picture above features a Battat Terra Pachyrhinosaurus, with a Dacentrurus model in the middle and the beautiful therizinosaurid Nanshiungosaurus on the left. Lurking in the background is one of the meat-eaters in this model series – Cryolophosaurus.

No need to pre-order but we do suggest you visit the replicas and models section of Everything Dinosaur’s award-winning website: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Figures.

30 04, 2016

Giant Duck-Billed Dinosaur is a Record Breaker

By Mike|2023-04-18T22:39:37+01:00April 30th, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page|0 Comments

Shantungosaurus giganteus Exhibit Recognised by Guinness Book of Records

Everything Dinosaur has received reports from Chinese news agencies that a dinosaur exhibit in the Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum (Shandong Province, China), has been recognised by the Guinness World Records organisation as being the largest hadrosaurid skeleton on display. The duck-billed dinosaur skeleton is part of an exhibit showing a herd of Shantungosaurus dinosaurs in the entrance area of the huge museum.

In the press release, the dinosaur is referred to as Zhuchengosaurus maximus, but this is regarded as a junior synonym of Shantungosaurus giganteus, the mounted skeleton stands 9.1 metres high and is 16.6 metres long.

Shantungosaurus giganteus

The Giant Shantungosaurus Compared to Edmontosaurus

Edmontosaurus compared to Shantungosaurus.

Comparing hadrosaurs. Shantungosaurus compared to Edmontosaurus. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Largest Biped to Have Ever Lived?

With the recent hypothesis that Spinosaurus (S. aegyptiacus) was a quadruped and incapable of walking on its hind legs, Shantungosaurus, is regarded by many palaeontologists as a facultative biped (able to walk on its hind legs if it wished to) and as such, the largest biped known to science. Body length and body mass estimates are difficult to calculate, but the mounted exhibit examined by the Guinness Book of Records, exceeds fifty-four feet in length, and one of the neighbouring Shantungosaurus mounts at the museum is almost as long.

As for bodyweight, estimates vary, but Gregory Scott Paul has estimated that this dinosaur could reach weights in excess of fifteen tonnes, that’s getting on for being twice as heavy as a T. rex!

For models and replicas of hadrosaurs and other dinosaurs: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs.

An Illustration of the Giant Hadrosaur Shantungosaurus giganteus

Perhaps the largest biped to have ever lived – Shantungosaurus giganteus,

Picture credit: Mike Fredericks

The Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum

The Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum is one of the largest museums dedicated to the Dinosauria anywhere in the world. It celebrates the rich fossil heritage of Shandong Province and Shantungosaurus giganteus was named in honour of this coastal province in eastern China. The record breaking exhibit, does not represent a single, individual animal.

When remains of the giant ornithischian dinosaur that was to be named Shantungosaurus were first found in the mid 1960s, fossils from at least five individuals were found together in an extensive bone bed. Although, none of these specimens represented a complete skeleton, the bones (and casts of missing fossils) could be assembled into a single mount.

A Scale Drawing of the Duck-Billed Dinosaur S. giganteus

A scale drawing of Shantungosaurus. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Giant Ornithischian Dinosaurs

Named in 1973, Shantungosaurus lived during the Late Cretaceous and it is one of a number of ornithischian dinosaurs known from this part of the Wangshi Formation of eastern China. A second, equally sized hadrosaurid was described in 2007 – Zhuchengosaurus maximus and the Chinese press agency referred to the record breaking exhibit using this nomenclature. However, Z. maximus, named and described in 2007, is probably a junior synonym of Shantungosaurus giganteus.

Anatomical features used to distinguish the fossils as a separate species when Z. maximus was named in 2007 were later to be found to be related to ontogeny (different aged animals with differences in growth). A similar fate befell a third giant hadrosaur Huaxiaosaurus (H. aigahtens), it too is now regarded as a junior synonym of Shantungosaurus.

Visit Everything Dinosaur’s award-winning website: Everything Dinosaur.

Whatever the position regarding the validity of these other genera, it is certain that this part of China in the Late Cretaceous was home to some truly huge duck-billed dinosaurs, why these animals grew so big remains a mystery. Perhaps an abundance of food resources permitted larger and larger generations, or maybe a larger size helped avoid predation? The naming of a new genus of tyrannosaurid (Zhuchengtyrannus magnus) in 2011 may help explain the reason for the very large size of these particular duck-billed dinosaurs.

To read an article about the discovery of Zhuchengtyrannus: A New Species of Tyrannosaur from China.

29 04, 2016

Lyme Regis Fossil Festival in Full Swing

By Mike|2023-04-18T21:59:07+01:00April 29th, 2016|Categories: Geology, Main Page, Photos/Pictures of Fossils|0 Comments

Lyme Regis Fossil Festival 2016

The 2016 Lyme Regis Fossil Festival is in full swing. After a successful day yesterday with around two dozen primary schools attending, Friday is dedicated to supporting secondary schools, those pupils at Key Stages 3 and 4 of the English national curriculum. Local fossil expert Brandon Lennon reports that there were some strong winds battering the Dorset coast earlier in the week, this affected the build up to the Festival but all the marquees were erected and everything made ready for what will be four days for frenetic fossil themed activities.

Lyme Regis Fossil Festival

The View Towards the Famous Lyme Regis Cobb

Lyme Regis prepares for the 2016 Fossil Festival.

Picture credit: Brandon Lennon

Even in bad weather, Lyme Regis is picturesque. This part of the “Jurassic Coast” tends to have its own micro-climate, a phenomenon that team members at Everything Dinosaur have experienced themselves. It can be raining in Sidmouth (Devon) to the west, but the Lyme Regis and Charmouth areas stay dry. The weather forecast for the weekend, the public open days of the 2016 festival, is much better. Strong sea breezes are still in the forecast but it is going to be dry and as a result, even more visitors are expected. It is going to be a busy couple of days for the organisers and the exhibitors.

The Marquees Along the Sea Front

All is ready for the Lyme Regis Fossil Festival 2016.

Picture credit: Brandon Lennon

To visit the Lyme Regis Fossil Festival website: Lyme Regis Fossil Festival 2016

Promoting Science to Young People

The theme of this year’s festival is “promoting science to young people” and there will be lots to do and see at Lyme Regis over the next couple of days or so. However, team members at Everything Dinosaur have received reports about further minor rock falls from the cliffs surrounding the town. A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“The cliffs remain saturated and further rock falls over the next few days cannot be discounted. We urge visitors to the Festival to take care whilst on the beach and to stay away from the bottom of the cliffs.”

One of the best ways to enjoy the geology of Lyme Regis and Charmouth is to take part in a guided fossil walk. There are a number of these walks built into the programme of the Festival itself, but other walks are available throughout most of the year.

To learn more about organised fossil walks in the Lyme Regis area: Lyme Regis Fossil Walks

Amazing Fossils

For those who would prefer not to explore the beaches themselves, there will be lots of fascinating fossils on display in the marquees. Many of the specimens on display have been found in the Dorset area and can be purchased, there will certainly be many different Ammonites to choose from, if Chris Moore’s trade stand is anything to go by.

Chris Moore (Forge Fossils, Charmouth) Prepares his Trade Stand

A splendid display of Lyme Regis fossils.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

It looks like there will be one or two bargains to be had. There will also be plenty of opportunities to discuss the ancient fauna of Lyme Regis with the multitude of local fossil experts who will be attending this year’s event, in addition, visitors have the chance to meet scientists from the Natural History Museum, British Antarctic Survey, Palaeontological Association, Plymouth University, Natural England, Jurassic Coast Trust, Dorset Geologists, Geological Society, Lyme Regis Museum, Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre, National Trust, Dorset Wildlife Trust and the National Oceanography Centre.

For models and replicas of iconic animals from the “Jurassic Coast”: Models of Iconic Fossil Animals, Toys and Gifts.

We wish the Festival every success and we look forward to hearing more about the 2016 Lyme Regis Fossil Festival over the weekend.

28 04, 2016

Kind Words from a Teaching Assistant

By Mike|2023-04-18T21:54:28+01:00April 28th, 2016|Categories: General Teaching|Comments Off on Kind Words from a Teaching Assistant

Memorable Dinosaur Workshops in Schools

Most of us can remember things that we did at school, field trips, summer excursions, special assemblies and so on. With Everything Dinosaur having delivered something like three hundred dinosaur and fossil themed events and workshops over the last few years, we like to think that in our own small way our work in schools has contributed to those happy memories.

Visit Everything Dinosaur’s website: Everything Dinosaur.

Dinosaur Workshop

Whilst on a return visit to a school to work with a Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) class, we were pleased to hear from a teaching assistant how fondly her own children remembered a visit from Everything Dinosaur to their classroom. It seems our tactile fossil handling activities made quite an impression. The Teaching Assistant dropped us a line to let us know what an effect our workshops had.

Thank you Everything Dinosaur

Thanks from teacher. Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Encouraging Children

We encourage children to write letters to us, after all, this is a good way for Key Stage One and Key Stage Two pupils to practice handwriting, sentence construction and the layout of letters, but we also appreciate feedback from the grown-ups too.

The Teaching Assistant wrote:

“My own children participated in this session when in Reception, they were very jealous this morning. Alexander is now in Year 8 and Charlotte is in Year 5 now. It is a fantastic memory which was so inspiring for them. Thank you!”

Thank you for your kind words, it is always nice to get feedback and to receive comments from those who have had the opportunity to see one of our workshops.

For further information on Everything Dinosaur’s workshops in school: Contact Everything Dinosaur.

28 04, 2016

Digitalised Dinosaur Leads to Remarkable Dorking Museum Discovery

By Mike|2024-05-05T21:57:26+01:00April 28th, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page|0 Comments

When is an Iguanodon Not an Iguanodon?

Yesterday, Everything Dinosaur reported on the discovery of a giant whale tooth found in Beaumaris Bay (Victoria). This significant fossil find, once again highlighted the importance of amateur fossil hunters when it comes to contributing to the Earth Sciences. You don’t have to travel all the way to Australia to play your part, sometimes the geological collection housed at your local regional museum can provide an opportunity for you to make you mark.

Take for example, the vertebrate fossil collection at Dorking Museum and Heritage Centre. Student Tom Fedrick has helped re-classify dinosaur tail bones originally described as belonging to an Iguanodon, but keen-eyed Tom, using knowledge gained from four years volunteering at the Museum, concluded that a centrepiece of the collection represented the bones of an entirely different, albeit related dinosaur – Mantellisaurus.

The Caudal Vertebrae on Display (Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis)

On display at the museum.

Picture credit: Dorking Museum and Heritage Centre

Digitalising the Dorking Museum Collection

Much of the fossil collection is currently being catalogued digitally. This will enable the collection to be accessed by other museums, researchers and academics. A-level student Tom has been working on this substantial project and having completed work on around half of the collection, he turned his attention to the Iguanodon exhibit.

Tom explained:

“Looking at it [the Iguanodon exhibit] in the past I always thought it was odd, thinner than I would expect. However with the catalogue entry in front of me my suspicions were confirmed: this was not an Iguanodon. Though it was listed as Iguanodon atherfieldensis my background knowledge meant I knew that this species had been reclassified as a new genus entirely – Mantellisaurus by Gregory Paul in 2007.”

Tom Fedrick and the Re-classified Dinosaur Bones (Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis)

Tom a pupil at Reigate Grammar School oversees the cataloguing of the dinosaur bones.

Tom, a student at Reigate Grammar School oversees the cataloguing of the dinosaur bones.

Picture credit: Dorking Museum and Heritage Centre

The Problem with Iguanodontids

The fragmentary nature of iguanodontid fossils excavated from various locations across the south of England have presented palaeontologists with a number of taxonomic puzzles to solve. Iguanodon was the second dinosaur species to be named and described (although the genus name was erected before the Order Dinosauria had been established). Gideon Mantell named Iguanodon, but at the time his paper was published, he failed to establish a holotype or indeed assign a trivial name to his specimen. From that point on, the Iguanodon genus became a sort of dumping ground for any large Ornithischian dinosaur fossil material excavated from the Weald Clay Formations and the contemporaneous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight.

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“It’s complicated! Lots of fossils found in Europe, Africa and North America formerly ascribed to Iguanodon, have been re-classified since the turn of the Century. The holotype material for Iguanodon bernissartensis for instance, a genus synonymous with the term “English dinosaur”, has been reassigned to more complete Belgian fossil material and we congratulate Tom for spotting the incorrectly labelled museum specimen.”

Mantellisaurus

Mantellisaurus atherfieldenis was established in 2007 by the American Gregory Scott Paul. It is a more gracile animal than the robust Iguanodon bernissartensis and considerably smaller, perhaps around seven metres in length. Analysis of the forelimbs suggest that Mantellisaurus spent the majority of its time as a biped, although it could adopt a four-legged stance when desired (facultative quadruped).

Comparing Iguanodontid Skeletons (after Gregory S. Paul)

Iguanodontid comparisons. D. bampingi is regarded as Nomen dubium.

Picture credit: Gregory S. Paul with additional annotation by Everything Dinosaur

The picture above compares the skeletons of three types of iguanodontids. Although, Gregory S. Paul regarded Dollodon bampingi as a valid genus, more recent research suggests that Dollodon might be a synonym of Mantellisaurus. The term “Nomen dubium” is given to any organism whose validity is in doubt.

A Model of Mantellisaurus atherfieldenis

CollectA Mantellisaurus drinking.

For models and replicas of iguanodontids: CollectA Age of Dinosaurs Popular Models.

Digitised Dinosaur

This is the second time that a fossil specimen has been reclassified after research undertaken at the Dorking Museum and Heritage Centre. Last year, Everything Dinosaur reported upon the reclassification of a marine reptile specimen, thought to have represented Polyptychodon interruptus.

To read this article: Pliosaur Skull Links Dorking to Kansas.

The programme of digitally logging the collection at the Dorking Museum and Heritage Centre is progressing. It is thanks to dedicated, hard-working individuals that our country continues to be blessed with a wealth of regional museums which contribute so much to our understanding of the world

Dorking Museum opening times: Thursday, Friday and Saturday, 10am – 4pm.
Admission: Adults £2, Concessions £1, Under-5s free, Family ticket £4.50 (prices correct at time of publication)

For more information on this fascinating regional museum visit: Dorking Museum and Heritage Centre.

27 04, 2016

Giant Aussie Whale – A Terror of Pliocene Seas

By Mike|2023-04-18T21:39:43+01:00April 27th, 2016|Categories: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal News Stories, Dinosaur Fans, Main Page|0 Comments

Monster Whale Tooth from Beaumaris Bay (Victoria)

A fossil tooth of a giant, prehistoric whale found on a beach by an amateur fossil hunter has provided scientists with further evidence of monstrous whales that once ruled the oceans of the world. The tooth, which weighs around three kilogrammes and measures a whopping thirty centimetres in length is not even complete. The tip of the crown is missing and the base of the root has broken off. However, it is easily the biggest fossil tooth ever found in Australia. The fossil provides proof of giant Aussie whales.

Palaeontologist Erich Fitzgerald Holds the Giant Fossil Tooth

Palaeontologist Dr Erich Fitzgerald holds the fossil whale tooth.

Picture credit: Museum Victoria

Beaumaris Bay

The fossil was discovered back in February by Murray Orr as he explored the famous Beaumaris Bay area to the south-east of Melbourne (Victoria). The sandstone cliffs and foreshore of this bay represent sandstone deposits laid down between ten and five million years ago in an estuarine and marine environment. The strata preserves fossils of a huge number of invertebrates as well as the fossilised bones of penguins, ancient seals, sharks and other fishes. The bones of giant birds have also been found along with fossils representing terrestrial marsupials whose bodies must have been washed down the Yarra River and out to sea.

Such is the importance of the Beaumaris Bay area and the Pliocene-aged strata that a lobby group has been formed to help preserve the two mile long beach area by awarding it UNESCO World Heritage status.

Significant Australian Fossil Find

The tooth is estimated to be around five million years old and would have come from a cetacean similar to the giant of Peru – Livyatan melvillei, formerly known as Leviathan melvillei.

To read about the discovery of L. melvillei: The Nightmare Whale from Prehistory.

Giant Aussie Whale

Although the teeth are very similar, it is unlikely that the Australian tooth represents the same genus, as the Peruvian fossil material has been dated to around 12 million years ago, so the Beaumaris Bay specimen is considerably younger. The tooth is internationally significant, as it represents the first evidence of massive sperm whales present outside the Americas. The tooth is indeed immense and dwarfs a tooth from the jaw of an extant Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus). It even makes the teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex look quite dainty in comparison.

Tooth Comparison – T. rex versus the Extinct Sperm Whale and a Modern Sperm Whale Tooth

The fossil whale tooth (centre) compared to a T. rex tooth (left) and an extant Sperm Whale tooth (right).

Picture credit: Museum Victoria

The picture above provides a comparison between the tooth of a Tyrannosaurus rex (left), the extinct fossil whale (centre) and a modern-day Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) on the right.

A Scale Drawing Providing an Estimate of the Size of the Extinct Toothed Whale

Estimated size of toothed whale based on the fossil tooth – around 18 metres.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

How Big was the Giant Aussie Whale?

Although it is difficult to provide an accurate estimate of size based on a single tooth, it has been suggested that this whale could have reached lengths in excess of eighteen metres and it might have weighed some forty tonnes. Murray Orr has donated his remarkable fossil find to Museum Victoria, thanking Mr Orr for his kind donation, the museum’s senior curator of vertebrate fossils, Dr Erich Fitzgerald stated:

“It’s a first for the entire continent of Australia and it’s a fossil of a whale that has never thought to be here before.”

Dr Fitzgerald is no stranger to the Beaumaris Bay area and he has worked on a number of important fossil discoveries from this area. For example, back in 2013, Everything Dinosaur reported on the discovery of the first seal bones from this locality: Australia’s First Seal – A Pliocene Pinniped.

Fossils from Beaumaris Bay have even proved that giant, toothed birds once flew Australia’s coastline: Giant Toothed Birds Once Soared Over Australia.

How Old is the Fossil?

As the fossil is believed to be around five million years old, it is the youngest known fossil of a whale-eating Sperm Whale. Extant Sperm Whale males can reach fifteen metres in length and they are predators but they only have teeth in their narrow, lower jaw. They specialise on feeding on squid and fish, the fossil tooth indicates that in the Southern Hemisphere giant marine, super-predators were geographically widely dispersed.

A spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented:

“It is a truly remarkable find and this discovery once again shows the important contribution that amateur fossil hunters can make to science. As for naming this beast, it would be hard to erect a new genus from a single fossil tooth but precedence has been set before. Perhaps we should refer to this simply as “Murray’s Monster”, after all, given the size of the tooth, albeit missing part of the root and the tip of the crown, this toothed whale really was a monster!”

The Beaumaris Bay area of Melbourne provides a remarkable insight into the ancient fauna of Australia. Giant marsupials roamed the estuary with seals and ancient penguins basking on the beach, whilst flying overhead giant toothed birds soared out to sea, where perhaps a massive toothed whale lurked offshore to pick off any unwary seals.

An Illustration of Beaumaris Bay During the Pliocene

Beaumaris bay, (Victoria, Australia) some five million years ago.

Picture credit: Monash University

For models and replicas of prehistoric animals including Livyatan melvillei (whilst stocks last): PNSO Age of Dinosaurs Replicas.