New Species of Prehistoric Shark Described – Meet “Devil Tooth”

Arizona may be one of the very last places you would expect to find a new species of shark, after all, the “Grand Canyon State” does not seem particularly shark friendly when you consider the large amount of desert within the state’s borders. However, during the Middle to Late Permian (Guadalupian/Lopingian Epochs) this part of the United States was covered in a shallow, tropical sea that teemed with life and scientists from the Northern University of Arizona have identified a number of new shark genera from fossilised teeth excavated from the limestone deposits that make up the Kaibab Formation.

Diablodontus michaeledmundi

Their latest discovery is “Devil Tooth” a new type of hybrodont shark Diablodontus michaeledmundi.  Hybrodont sharks evolved during the Late Devonian and persisted as a diverse and geographically dispersed group until their extinction towards the end of the Mesozoic.  D. michaeledmundi seems typical of this group of Elasmobranchs, the teeth, the researchers have found, suggest that this shark was a little over a metre in length and it was probably a diurnal hunter, living in the coastal waters hunting small fish, squid and octopi.

An Illustration of Diablodontus michaeledmundi

Black bar = scale bar (50 cms).

Picture credit: Northern Arizona University with additional annotation by Everything Dinosaur

Hybrodont Shark

This shark had two spines projecting upwards from the anterior edge of its dorsal fins, such horned sharks exist today, such as the Port Jackson shark, although extant sharks such as the Port Jackson shark are not closely related to these Permian Elasmobranchs.  The name Diablodontus is derived from the Spanish word for devil “diablo” and the Greek word for teeth “dontus”.  The species name honours Michael Edmund Hodnett, for his work in helping to study the shark fossil assemblage of the Kaibab Formation.

The Kaibab Formation has produced a substantial amount of shark teeth fossils.  This strata is particularly important as it dates from around the time of the greatest mass extinction event known in the fossil record – the end Permian extinction when something like 95% of all life on Earth died out.  The holotype material for D. michaeledmundi was collected from limestone sediments near the town of Flagstaff (northern Arizona).

Various Views of the Fossilised Teeth of Diablodontus michaeledmundi

Ancient shark teeth.

Picture credit: John-Paul M. Hodnett et al

The image above shows various views of the teeth of this prehistoric shark. The white bar is a scale bar, it is 1 mm in length.

Shallow Sea in North America

Commenting on the discovery, one of the authors of the scientific paper John-Paul Hodnett, an authority on prehistoric sharks stated:

“The shark miraculously survived the extinction event and lived into the Mesozoic Era – the Age of Reptiles.  At this time the ancestors of modern sharks were just starting to diversify but remained small.”

During the Late Palaeozoic, this part of America was covered by a shallow sea, to the east lay extensive deserts crossed by a nascent mountain range, mountains that would one day become part of the Rockies.

Arizona During the Late Permian

Palaeography of the Late Permian (western United States).

Picture credit: John-Paul M. Hodnett et al

The Kaibab Formation

Fossilised sharks teeth from the Kaibab Formation has permitted scientists an insight into the radiation and diversification of a number of different types of shark.  Several different genera have been identified, one of which Kaibabvenator swiftae with its large, serrated teeth was perhaps the apex marine predator in the ancient Kaibab sea. Size estimates vary for K. swiftae, although it has been suggested that this primitive, horned shark may have reached lengths similar to today’s Great White shark (Carcharodon carcharias).

Size Comparisons between Permian Sharks of the Kaibab Formation and a Great White Shark

Size comparisons between extinct and extant sharks.

Picture credit: Northern Arizona University/Everything Dinosaur

One thing that is undeniable, the Kaibab Formation represents one of the most important locations in the world for fossils of ancient sharks.

For models and replicas of prehistoric sharks and other extinct creatures: PNSO Age of Dinosaurs Models and Figures.

The Nests of Jurassic Hunters

The Lourinhã Formation of western Portugal has provided researchers from the New University of Lisbon (Universidade Nova de Lisboa), with not one but two sets of dinosaur eggs to study.  Palaeontologists from the University state that the fossilised remains of dinosaur eggs from two locations in the Lourinhã Formation come from two different meat-eating dinosaurs.  The crushed and broken nests represent dinosaur remains estimated to be approximately 150 million years old.

Theropod Eggshells

Although no evidence of fossilised embryos could be found, the scientists were able to study the size, morphology and texture of the eggs and from this evidence, candidates as to what dinosaurs might have laid these eggs can be proposed. Much of the preliminary work to identify the fossil material was made by University palaeontologist Vasco Riberio, during the Late Jurassic this part of Portugal was a floodplain inhabited by many different types of dinosaur.

The first set of eggs, spherical in shape and approximately 15 centimetres in diameter were very probably laid by a large theropod. It has been suggested, that based on the size of the eggs, their mother was a Torvosaurus.  Torvosaurus is a little known Late Jurassic carnivorous dinosaur.  It might be a member of the allosaurid family, or perhaps, because of its heavy and robust frame it might be a megalosaur.  Fossils are known from Portugal and the Morrison Formation of the western United States.  At an estimated length of more than ten metres, it is one of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs known from Portugal.

Lourinhanosaurus antunesi

The eggs found at the second location are slightly smaller and more elongated in shape, it has been speculated that this batch of legs was laid by a Lourinhanosaurus (L. antunesi).  Lourinhanosaurus is known from a single partial skeleton and other fragmentary bones including a femur (thigh bone) all found in the Lourinhã Formation on the western coast of Portugal.  Previously, a number of fossilised eggs found in the  Lourinhã Formation have been ascribed to this species, which is estimated to have grown to lengths of five metres.

An Illustration of the Dinosaur Lourinhanosaurus antunesi

Late Jurassic theropod.

Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur

Abandoned Nest Sites

The scientists are not sure why these two nest sites seem to have been abandoned.  It has been suggested that something may have happened to the adults or that the abandonment of eggs once laid was normal behaviour for these types of theropods.  Such behaviour, laying eggs and then leaving them to their fate is referred to as precocial behaviour.  A number of reptiles lay eggs and then abandon them, reptiles such as tortoises and turtles.  Precocial behaviour is also seen in the Aves, with many types of ducks and geese when hatched, are relatively well-developed and can feed themselves.

The dinosaurs that laid these eggs may have simply abandoned the nests, the dinosaurs that hatched would have been mobile almost immediately and would have left the nest shortly after hatching to fend for themselves.

To view the extensive range of prehistoric animal models available from Everything Dinosaur: Dinosaur and Prehistoric Animal Models.

Tyrannosaurid and Ceratopsian Fossils Heading for Auction

Two fossils found in association with each other in sediments from the famous Hell Creek Formation of Montana seem destined to go up for auction next November.  The debate has once again sprung up between those who support commercial fossil hunters and those who believe that such discoveries should be made as a gift to science.

Dinosaurs Up For Auction

The fossils consist of a tyrannosaurid, billed in the press releases sent out regarding the proposed auction, as an example of a Nanotyrannus lancensis and a horned dinosaur, a member of the chasmosaurine clade of ceratopsians and possibly a new species.  The two specimens have been referred to as “Montana’s Duelling Dinosaurs”.  It has been suggested that these specimens represent a fight between a meat-eating and a plant-eating dinosaur.  Although, team members at Everything Dinosaur have only a limited knowledge of what material has been excavated so far, it is likely that the “duelling dinosaurs” hypothesis has been put forward as the specimens were found in close proximity and after an examination of some of the pathology identified on the fossil bones.

“Duelling Dinosaurs” Go Up for Sale

Dinosaurs up for auction

Picture credit: Bonhams

Duelling Dinosaurs

Very rarely has the fossil record preserved anything as dramatic as a fight between two vertebrate antagonists, in this case, an example of inter-specific interaction.  It is difficult to comment further as to the validity of these claims as with an auction looming, such statements might be aimed at “whetting the appetites of potential buyers rather than accurately reflecting evidence from a preliminary study” as a spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur commented.

The very fact that a Nanotyrannus specimen might be available for sale is fascinating.  If it ends up in the hands of a private collector and as a result, it remains unavailable for study, this will disappoint a great many palaeontologists as well as their museum directors.  Nanotyrannus might be a dwarf version of Tyrannosaurus rex, however, it could also represent juvenile specimens of T. rex itself.  Skull material discovered in the 1940s and originally described as a Gorgosaurus was re-examined in the 1980s and it was suggested that the specimen represented an adult animal, an example of a new species of pygmy tyrannosaur.  The Nanotyrannus genus was erected, its validity or otherwise has been debated ever since.

Nanotyrannus

A detailed study of the Montana tyrannosaur material may help to resolve this debate.  Many palaeontologists fear that if the specimen is sold at auction to a wealthy individual, then the chance to study the fossils may be lost.  According to other sources tyrannosaurid teeth are embedded in the ceratopsians bones and there may also be skin impressions preserved.  It has also been reported that the tyrannosaurid may be considerably larger than other specimens of the nomen dubium N. lancensis, with well informed American palaeontologists suggesting that the individual tyrannosaur may be about the size of another member of the tyrannosaur family – Albertosaurus.

A Replica of Nanotyrannus

The PNSO Nanotyrannus dinosaur model.

The picture (above) shows the PNSO Nanotyrannus figure.

To view the range of PNSO prehistoric animal models and figures in stock at Everything Dinosaur: PNSO Dinosaur Models and Figures.

Duelling Dinosaurs

The two near complete skeletons were found by commercial fossil hunters on private land.  In the United States, fossils found on privately owned land are the property of the land owners, no matter what the significance to science.  In this case, the owners of the fossils in collaboration with the prospectors can put these rare objects up for sale to the highest bidder.  It has been estimated that the two specimens sold together as a single auction lot could fetch as much as £5.8 million (GBP).

The sale is going to managed by Bonhams auction house in New York.  The “city that never sleeps” may turn out to be an ill omen for the sellers, as in May 2012, the sale of another tyrannosaurid, this time a Tarbosaurus was stopped after it was alleged the fossil material had been illegally removed from Mongolia.   The Tarbosaurus fossils were returned to Mongolia and a fossil dealer from Florida will be sentenced next month over his involvement in the importing of the Late Cretaceous fossils into the United States.

To read more about the Tarbosaurus auction: U.S. Officials Seize Tarbosaurus Skeleton.

To read more about the legal action that followed: Tarbosaurus Case – Florida Man Pleads Guilty.

Senior scientific advisor at the Dinosaur Discovery Museum and director of the Carthage Institute of Palaeontology (Wisconsin), Thomas Carr commented:

“This lines their pockets [commercial fossil hunters and the owners of private land] but hurts science.”

Fossils To Be Sold At Auction

Approaches to museums and other educational bodies have already been made, but it seems that none are willing or able to pay the asking price, so the next step is for the fossils to be sold at auction.  Many fossil specimens, even mounted exhibits of dinosaurs are sold each year, but the sale of these two items for what might turn out to be a record amount is likely to attract a lot of media interest.

However, not everything sells at an auction, in 2008 a Triceratops skeleton went under the hammer but it failed to sell on the day of the auction.

To read more about the Triceratops sale: Triceratops Specimen for Auction.

If a wealthy individual purchases the auction lot, then all may not be lost.  Many adopt a philanthropic attitude to their acquisitions and make them available for further study, thus helping palaeontologists to learn more about long extinct prehistoric animals.  Unfortunately, there is no guarantee and many purchasers prefer to remain anonymous.  However, we, at Everything Dinosaur urge those responsible for the sale and indeed any prospective buyers to permit the specimens to be part of a formal study programme.  In this way, these specimens are not lost to science for good.

With the very high prices paid for fossils, especially dinosaur fossils, an entire industry has sprung up catering for the demand.  Whilst many of the organisations involved are highly professional and ethical, there are less honest fossil hunters out there, poaching, thefts and smuggling of fossil material is big business.  How big?  Nobody actually knows.

Let us hope that the sentencing of the Florida fossil dealer convicted of making false statements on customs forms when importing the Tarbosaurus material will help deter unscrupulous commercial fossil hunters.  However, given the huge rewards available and the lack of international efforts to curb the trade we think that these practices will continue.

The Benefits Of Commercial Fossil Collectors

There is another side to consider when examining the role of commercial collectors.  Many excavate their discoveries with the utmost care and are extremely professional.  Such companies and individuals have made significant contributions to the science of palaeontology and without their efforts many important specimens would never have been found and many more would not have been preserved, simply left to erode away as they are exposed to the elements.  With the cutbacks on museum funding, the number of field expeditions that museums can undertake has been reduced and commercial companies have successfully “plugged the gap” helping to preserve a large number of specimens that otherwise would have been lost to science.

Peter Larson, one of the world’s most distinguished commercial fossil hunters and an authority on tyrannosaurs has stated that the bones are well-preserved and articulated, with some fossilised skin impressions present.  He has suggested that teeth from a predatory dinosaur are embedded in the cervical vertebrae (neck bones), whilst the tyrannosaurs chest and skull bones show evidence of being crushed, perhaps from a kick from the massive ceratopsian.

Peter and his company, the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research based in South Dakota, have been involved in the project to excavate and prepare the fossil material since 2011.  Peter went onto add:

“The fossils provide potential evidence for two new kinds of dinosaurs.  They could settle long-running scientific debates over whether the pygmy tyrannosaur existed as a separate genus or was simply a juvenile T. rex, and whether it hunted as well as scavenged.”

We at Everything Dinosaur, hope that if the fossils are put up for sale at auction, then the buyer will be generous and permit the specimens to be studied by the scientific community.   Such a gesture would no doubt provide lots of positive PR and perhaps establish a blueprint for other lots that may go to auction to replicate.